Kashi na 36: Farfesa Julia Watson ta Jami'ar Harvard da Columbia ta yi bayanin abubuwan da muke buƙatar koyo daga gine-ginen 'yan asali
Julia Watson, Mai tsarawa, mai fafutuka, ilimi, kuma marubucin Lo-TEK Design ta Radical Indigenism
Ɗayan jin daɗin da muke da shi don masu sauraro shine hira da Julia Watson….samuwa a ƙasa kuma a tashar podcast da kuka fi so daga ranar Talata 19 ga Yuli.
Julia ita ce jagora gwani na Lo-TEK fasahar tushen yanayi don juriyar yanayi. Studio mai sunanta mai suna yana kawo ƙirƙira da ra'ayi, tunani iri-iri zuwa ga zane ayyuka da kamfanoni masu sha'awar tsarin da canji mai dorewa.
Julia Watson shahararriyar masanin tarihi ce amma an san ta musamman saboda aikinta na gine-ginen Indigenous Architecture.
Julia Watson sanannen masanin tarihin gine-gine ne kuma marubuci na da yawa littattafai akan tarihin gine. Ita farfesa ce a Jami'ar Texas a Austin kuma ta koyar a Jami'ar Harvard, Jami'ar Yale, da Jami'ar Columbia. Julia Watson na daya daga cikin manyan kasashen duniya masana akan tarihin gine-gine kuma ya buga kasidu da littattafai masu yawa akan wannan batu.
Ita wata hukuma ce da ake mutuntawa a kan wannan batu kuma takwarorinta na girmama aikinta. Julia Watson muhimmiyar murya ce a fagen tarihin gine-gine kuma aikinta yana da mahimmancin karatu ga duk wanda ke sha'awar batun.
Menene Tsarin Gine-gine na Ƙasa?
Gine-ginen ƴan ƙasa kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don bayyana gine-ginen gargajiya na ƴan asalin ƙasar. Gine-ginen ƴan asali yana da alaƙa da amfani da kayan halitta, haɗin kai da ƙasa, da kuma mai da hankali kan al'umma.
Har ila yau, masu gine-ginen ƴan asalin ƙasar suna haɗa al'adunsu a cikin ƙirarsu, kamar labaru, alamomi, da bukukuwa. Gine-ginen ƴan asalin ba kawai game da abubuwan da suka gabata ba har ma da na yanzu da na gaba.
Masu gine-ginen ƴan asalin ƙasar suna amfani da iliminsu don ƙira mai dorewa gine-gine wanda zai baiwa ‘yan asalin kasar damar kiyaye al’adunsu tare da dacewa da canjin yanayi da ke kewaye da su.
Ta hanyar sake haɗawa da kayan gine-ginen su, ƴan asalin ƙasar suna samar da kyakkyawar makoma ga kansu da kuma duniyar duniya.
Lo-TEK
Koyo daga Hikimar 'Yan Asalin Kasa da Tambarin Muhalli.
Abstract
A cikin zamani na fasaha mai zurfi da yanayin yanayi, muna nutsewa cikin bayanai yayin da muke fama da yunwa don hikima. Shigar da Lo-TEK, ginin motsi na ƙira akan falsafar ƴan asali da harshen yare kayayyakin don samar da ci gaba, juriya, fasaha na tushen yanayi. Masu zane-zanen da ke ba da amsa ga ƙalubalen da ke gaba, na iya yin tunanin tsattsauran ra'ayi na tushen birane waɗanda za su iya ci gaba da haɓaka, inda 'yan asalin ƙasar suke. bidi'a an haɗa shi da kayan zamani da yi dabaru. Daga ma'auni na module, zuwa tsari, zuwa kayan aiki, da yan adam, Hikimar 'yan asalin ƙasar da symbiosis na muhalli za a iya sake yin tunani don rage yawa, sake gina bambance-bambancen da kuma rage sawun mutum da na birni. Yakai kasashe 18 daga Peru zuwa Philippines, Tanzaniya zuwa Iran, Lo-TEK ya binciko hazakar ɗan adam ta shekaru aru-aru kan yadda ake rayuwa cikin symbiosis tare da yanayi.
A-view-over-the-tsarki-Mahagiri-shinkafa-terraces
Daga tatsuniyar Helenanci, ma'ana labari-na-mutane, tatsuniyar ta jagoranci ɗan adam har tsawon shekaru dubu. Shekaru dari uku da suka wuce, masu hankali na wayewar Turai sun gina tatsuniyar fasaha. Tasiri ta hanyar haɗakar ɗan adam, mulkin mallaka, da wariyar launin fata, tatsuniyar ta yi watsi da hikimar gida da ƙirƙira na ƴan asalin, suna ganin ta na da. Jagoran wannan shine hasashe na fasaha da ke cin karo da raguwar gandun daji da kuma fitar da albarkatun. Tatsuniyar da ke ƙarfafa zamanin masana'antu ya nisanta kansa daga tsarin halitta, yana fifita man fetur ta hanyar wuta.
Da yake magana game da makomar da ba ta da tabbas da kuma fuskantar abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi waɗanda ba za a iya yin la'akari da su ba da kuma gazawar yanayin yanayin da ba za a iya dakatar da su ba, an ba wa bil'adama alhakin samar da mafita don kare daji da ya rage, da kuma canza wayewar da muke ginawa.
Yau, da Legacy wannan tatsuniyar tana damunmu. Ci gaban da aka samu a duniya ya haifar da zamanin Anthropocene - zamaninmu na geological halin yanzu wanda ba a iya musantawa. tasiri na mutane a kan yanayi a ma'aunin Duniya. Charles Darwin, masani kuma masanin halitta wanda ake kallo a matsayin uban ka'idar juyin halitta, ya ce "kashewa yana faruwa a hankali," duk da haka kashi sittin na duniya. bambancin rayuwa ya bace a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata.1 Kasancewa da sha'awar makomar da ba ta da tabbas da kuma fuskantar al'amuran yanayi waɗanda ba za a iya annabta ba, jinsunan ɓarkewar da ba za a iya kamawa ba, da gazawar yanayin yanayin da ba za a iya dakatar da su ba, an ɗaure ɗan adam aikin samar da mafita don kare jejin da ya rage, da canza wayewar da muke ginawa. Yayin da muke nutsewa a cikin wannan Zamanin Labarai, muna cikin yunwar hikima. Kadan daga cikin fasahohin da suka wanzu a lokacin wayewa ne aka kimanta su kuma ana kiyaye su har zuwa yau. A halin yanzu, madadin tatsuniyoyi na fasaha yana tare da mu tun kafin Haihuwa. Ba a san ta ba, tana nan a ƙarshen duniya mai nisa, tare da masu ba da gudummawarta da ake ganin ta zama na farko na ƙarni. Yayin da al'ummomin "zamani" suke ƙoƙari su cinye yanayi da sunan ci gaba, waɗannan al'adu na asali sun yi aiki da shi.
Ba a rasa ko manta da fasahohin ƴan asalin ƙasar ba, sai dai suna ɓoye ne da inuwar ci gaba a wurare masu nisa a duniya. Yayin da al'umma ke mutuntawa da adana kayan gine-gine na matattun al'adu, kamar Pyramids na Giza na shekaru dubu hudu, wadanda ke rayuwa suna gudun hijira, kamar fasahar tsibirin Ma'dan mai shekaru dubu shida da ke iyo a kudancin kasar. yankuna na Iraki. Ƙaddara filaye na ƙirar ƙira, Lo-TEK motsi ne wanda ke bincika ƙananan fasahar gida, ilimin muhalli na gargajiya (TEK), al'adun gargajiya na asali, da tatsuniyoyi waɗanda aka ba da su azaman waƙoƙi ko labaru. Ya bambanta da kamanni na zamani na zamani, an tsara ƴan asalin a matsayin haɓakar juyin halitta na rayuwa a cikin symbiosis tare da yanayi.
'Yan asali masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna jayayya don sake gina ilimi kuma suna bincika falsafar 'yan asalin waɗanda ke da ikon haifar da sabbin tattaunawa.
Dam din Kifi, misali. Hoton Julia Watson.
Farfesa Princeton kuma ɗan ƙasa na Cherokee Nation Eva Marie Garoutte ne ya kirkira, ƴan asalin ƙasar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna jayayya don sake gina ilimi da bincika falsafar ƴan asalin waɗanda ke iya haifar da sabbin tattaunawa.2 Ma'anar 'yan asali na asali ya ɗauki sunansa daga asalin Latin kalmar "m": radix, ma'ana "tushen". Zane ta ƴan asali na tsattsauran ra'ayi yana tunanin motsin da ke sake gina fahimtar falsafar ƴan asalin dangane da ƙira don samar da cibiyoyi masu ɗorewa da jure yanayin yanayi. Lo-TEK yana jagorantar mu zuwa ga wata tatsuniyar fasaha ta daban. Ɗayan da ke haifar da ɗan adam tare da ƴan asalin asali.
Filin ƙira yana a wani muhimmin lokaci, yana faɗaɗa don fuskantar matsaloli masu sarƙaƙiya waɗanda ke buƙatar amsa mai ƙarfi da daidaitawa. Tare da rugujewar muhalli da zamantakewar al'umma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ƙira a mahadar ilimin ɗan adam, ilimin halitta da ƙirƙira shine tattaunawa mafi mahimmanci na zamaninmu.3 Wani sabon tatsuniyoyi wanda ya yarda da Lo-TEK yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka zaman tare da yanayi.
Yayin da ake ɗaukar ilimin kimiyya a matsayin gaskiya mai mahimmanci, a haƙiƙanin tatsuniyar tatsuniyoyi ne da ke tasowa koyaushe.
Yayin da ake ɗaukar ilimin kimiyya a matsayin gaskiya mai mahimmanci, a haƙiƙanin tatsuniyoyi ne da ke ci gaba da haɓakawa. Sabanin haka, al'ummarmu suna watsi da imani na ruhaniya na asali a matsayin tatsuniyoyi, duk da cewa suna ɗaukar shekarun millenni, ilimin muhalli. Rashin ingancin kimiyyar da ke haɗa al'adu da ruhi an misalta shi a cikin rigimar da ke tattare da gano ka'idar zaɓin yanayi na lokaci guda na Alfred Russel Wallace da Darwin, ƙa'idar jagorar tunanin muhalli tun daga Haskaka. Za a iya danganta duhun dangin Wallace ga duka biyun da Darwin ya yi amfani da su na aikin haɗin gwiwa da kuma alakar Wallace da ruhaniya. Wallace daga ƙarshe takwarorinsa sun yi watsi da shi kuma suka lalata shi saboda sanya ma'anar ruhaniya cikin al'amuran kimiyya.
Tare da imani da tatsuniyoyi waɗanda ke samar da babban girman Lo-TEK, gwagwarmaya tsakanin kimiyya da ruhaniya ta mamaye ƴan asalin ƙasar, waɗanda suka kasance masu ƙirƙira muhallin duniyar da ba a san su ba. Da yake haɗa wannan matsala, tarihi kuma ya bayyana gadon rabon ƴan asalin ƙasa ba tare da sifa ba. Asalin kalmar dorewa za a iya komawa zuwa ga The Great Lore of the Iroquois people, da kuma Ƙa'idarsa ta ƙarni na bakwai, la'akari da ayyuka kamar yadda suka shafi tsara na bakwai bayan su.4 Wannan ƙungiyar ta kasance ba a san ta ba, ƙila don tsoron ɓata sahihancinta na kimiyya tare da imani na ruhaniya, kamar yadda dangantakar ƴan asali da fasaha mai dorewa ta kasance ba a gano ta ba.
Tatsuniyoyi na asali suna ba da labarin ilimi game da hadaddun mu'amala tsakanin halittun da ke cikin mutane. A yau, an karɓi ruhi a matsayin tushe na masana'antar muhalli. Shahararrun al'adu suna haɓaka wankin kore, na zahiri maimakon tsarin tsarin muhalli.
A cikin 'yan asalin duniya, ruhaniya a cikin shimfidar wuri yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da dorewa da sarrafa albarkatun ta hanyar tsarin imani, da al'adun da muke "tunawa don tunawa." Tatsuniyoyi na asali suna ba da labarin sani game da hadaddun hulɗar da ke ciki yan adam wanda mutane ke ciki. A yau, an karɓi ruhi a matsayin tushe na masana'antar muhalli. Shahararrun al'adu suna haɓakawa kore wanke-wanke, sama-sama maimakon tsarin tsarin muhalli. Sabanin korar da Wallace ya fuskanta, ana maraba da zaman tare na ruhaniya da na kimiyya a lokacin mu na yanayi. Mutane suna sane da damuwa game da muhalli da matsayinsu a ciki. Yayin da aikin daidaikun mutane ke da mahimmanci, aiki ne a sikelin abubuwan more rayuwa, wanda aka ƙera tare da tatsuniyar da ke haɗa mutane zuwa yanayin muhalli, wanda zai iya haifar da sauyin duniya.
Siffa 4
A cikin wannan zamanin na Anthropocene, ɗan adam zai buƙaci sake fasalin tatsuniyoyi na fasaha don haɗa da sabbin abubuwa na asali.
A cikin wannan zamanin na Anthropocene, ɗan adam zai buƙaci sake fasalin tatsuniyoyi na fasaha don haɗa da sabbin abubuwa na asali. Al’adun ’yan asalin duniya suna buƙatar a gane su a matsayin sababbin abubuwa maimakon na farko kuma iliminsu ya sa a cikin tunanin makomarmu. Farfesan Harvard, Dokta Edward O. Wilson ya yi hasashen cewa a cikin wannan shekaru ɗari masu zuwa, kare rayayyun halittu zai zama fifikonmu mafi girma.5 Koyaya, bacewar nau'ikan nau'ikan ba zai zama babban asarar ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya ba. Haka sojojin da ke tuƙi nau'in bacewa yi barazana ga fasahohin ƴan asalin ƙasar da ka iya riƙe mabuɗin rayuwar ɗan adam. Tare da al'ummomin asali na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi tasiri canjin yanayi, da kuma da yawa daga cikin ayyukan da da sunan ci gaba, suka haifar da shi, saninsu a haƙiƙa wani muhimmin bangare ne na mafita.
A cikin shekarun Anthropocene, tasirin ɗan adam a duniya ba shi da tabbas. Ta halaka har ma da ta kiyayewa, duk tsarin muhalli yana tasiri ta hanyar aikin ɗan adam. Yanzu muna kan mararraba inda ko dai za mu iya ci gaba da ɗan ƙaramin ra’ayi game da fasaha, sanin nisan da muke da shi daga yanayi, ko kuma mu yarda cewa wannan hanya ɗaya ce kawai kuma ba ita kaɗai ce hanyar rayuwa ba. Masu zanen kaya a yau sun fahimci gaggawar rage mummunan halin ɗan adam tasirin muhalli, duk da haka ya dawwama irin tatsuniyar da ta dogara ga amfani da yanayi. Mun jefa yanayi duka biyu a matsayin wani karfi mai ban tsoro yanzu yana ramawa a kanmu, kuma a matsayinsa na mutum mai kishi, mika wuya ga 'ceto ta hanyar fasaha' sabbin fasaha.
Masu zanen kaya a yau sun fahimci gaggawar rage tasirin muhalli mara kyau na ɗan adam, duk da haka suna ci gaba da dawwamar tatsuniyar tatsuniyar da ta dogara ga amfani da yanayi. Mun jefa yanayi duka biyu a matsayin wani karfi mai ban tsoro yanzu yana ramawa a kanmu, kuma a matsayinsa na mutum mai kishi, mika wuya ga 'ceto ta hanyar fasaha' sabbin fasaha.
Ta hanyar gina ƙaƙƙarfan ababen more rayuwa da fifita ƙira mai kama da fasahar zamani, muna yin watsi da ilimin shekaru na yadda ake rayuwa tare da Nature a cikin symbiosis. Kasancewa a cikin wani zamani kafin sauyin yanayi, ƙoƙarin farko na ƙungiyar kiyayewa don "ceto yanayi" ya haifar da tatsuniyoyi iri ɗaya na fasaha, suna kallon ƴan asalin ƙasar da sabbin abubuwan da suka kirkira. An yi la'akari da filayen kiyayewa a matsayin jeji mai tsaro, wanda aka cire ran ɗan adam daga ciki. An kiyaye shimfidar wurare masu ban sha'awa da nau'ikan, maimakon alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'ikan da ke tallafawa yanayin halittu. Ta ƙoƙarin kiyaye yanayi, tsarin kiyayewa daga sama zuwa ƙasa yakan lalata shi. Wannan yunkuri ya kawar da masu kula da su, ya shafe ilimi, ya yi watsi da fasahohin da suka dade suna magance kalubalen yanayi tsawon dubban shekaru.
Magabatan Amurka na kiyayewa ba za su yi tunanin za a amince da wannan yunkuri a duniya ba, tare da raba miliyoyin 'yan asalin kasar da kuma hanzarta halakar nau'ikan halittu. A cikin inuwar ƙungiyar kiyayewa akwai ɓoyayyun labarin 'yan gudun hijirar kiyayewa. Miliyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar da aka kawar da su cikin tsari daga ƙasashensu don ƙirƙirar wuraren kiyayewa.6 Tare da wannan taro sauyawa shine asarar Lo-TEK sababbin abubuwa waɗanda suka dogara da kare dabbobi, kayan aiki, tatsuniyoyi, da mutum.
Yayin da aka yi tunanin yunƙurin kiyayewa tare da buri masu ban sha'awa, ya dogara ne akan tunanin kimiyya na lokacin wanda ya ɗaukaka yanayi a matsayin jeji mai ƙazanta wanda dole ne a cece shi, yayin da ƴan asalin ƙasar da fasaharsu gaba ɗaya aka yi watsi da su. Ta hanyar fifita kimiyya fiye da al'ada, mutum fiye da al'umma, da jeji mai tsabta akan 'yan asalin, an ƙarfafa tatsuniyoyi na fasaha.
Siffa 5
Binciko hanyoyin da za su bi ga babban tatsuniyoyi da gazawar kiyayewa yana nuna wanzuwar ilimin ɗan ƙasa mai kima da ke fuskantar halaka. Muna buƙatar canza yadda muke kallon Anthropocene.
Ba za mu iya samun mafita ga matsalolin da muke fuskanta da akidar da wadancan matsalolin suka bullo ba. Binciko wasu hanyoyin zuwa ga babban tatsuniyoyi da gazawar kiyayewa yana bayyana wanzuwar abubuwa masu kima. ilimin asali fuskantar bacewa. Muna buƙatar canza yadda muke kallon Anthropocene. Yayin da tasirin ɗan adam ya kasance a ko'ina, ba yana nufin duk hulɗar ta haifar da lalacewa ba. Wannan tunani ya nisanta mu da yanayi da yanayi daga gare mu. Sabanin haka, tunanin rashin haihuwa yana kallon dan Adam a matsayin wani bangare na yanayi kuma ya samar da fasahohin da ke amfani da bambancin halittu a matsayin tubalin gini. Wani sabon tatsuniyar fasaha a zamanin Anthropocene na iya maye gurbin barazanar da ake jira cewa yanayi zai halaka mu tare da kyakkyawan fata cewa haɗin gwiwa tare da Nature zai iya ceton mu.
Canjin yanayi ya nuna mana cewa rayuwarmu ba ta dogara da fifiko ba, amma akan symbiosis. A cikin motsi zuwa zayyana resilient birane, Fasahar 'yan asalin suna da mahimmanci a cikin tattaunawa don masu zane-zane da ke magance sauyin yanayi, kamar yadda suke zama misalai masu rai waɗanda ke tattare da tunanin juriya. Muna buƙatar fadada ma'anarmu na fasaha mai dorewa. Yarda da kurakuran zamani da gazawar kiyayewa, za mu iya canza matsayinmu zuwa haɗin gwiwa tare da Nature. Wannan zai ƙunshi haɗa abubuwan ƙirƙira na asali.
Gina manyan fasahohin zamani, masu kama da juna, masu tsauri don mayar da martani ga sauyin yanayi yana dawwamar da tsohuwar tatsuniyar fasaha. Idan aka yi la'akari da tsantsar hawan teku, abubuwan da ke faruwa na guguwa, da sauran tasirin da ba za a iya faɗi ba daga sauyin yanayi, abubuwan more rayuwa sun tabbatar da iyakancewa don mayar da martani ga canji mai ƙarfi. Ba tare da aiwatar da tsari mai laushi waɗanda ke amfani da bambancin halittu a matsayin tubalin gini ba, waɗannan ababen more rayuwa sun kasance marasa dorewa. A zamanin duka fasahar fasaha ta utopian da matsanancin yanayi da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba, muna nutsewa cikin bayanai, yayin da muke fama da yunwa don hikima.
Dole ne mu fara ba da labarin tsohuwar tatsuniyoyi na fasaha, inda ba a samun ci gaba cikin sha'awarmu na gaba. A matsayin masu zanen kaya, aikinmu shine ƙirƙirar sabon ƙasa don kyakkyawar haɗin gwiwa tare da Nature. Sake kafa wannan alaƙa yana nufin yarda cewa ɗan adam koyaushe yana rayuwa tare da tsarin halitta. ’Yan asali na Babban Tafkuna suna jagora ta Umarnin Asali.7 Waɗannan su ne tatsuniyoyi da aka yi ta yada ta cikin tsararraki a cikin bikin da ke ɗauke da hikimar da ta gabata. Ba umarni ba ne amma, kamar kamfas, suna ba da jagora maimakon taswira don gaba.8 Ana iya samun sababbin abubuwa a cikin ilimi daga baya, da kuma al'adun da suka koya mana mu "tuna da tunawa."
A matsayin masu zanen kaya muna bukatar mu tuna cewa mu wani bangare ne na yanayi. Rayuwarmu ta duniya ta dogara ne akan tunaninmu wanda zai canza daga "tsira mafi dacewa" zuwa "rayuwar mafi kyawun dabi'a" a matsayin mataki na farko mai mahimmanci.
A matsayin masu zanen kaya muna bukatar mu tuna cewa mu wani bangare ne na yanayi. Rayuwarmu ta duniya ta dogara ne akan tunaninmu wanda zai canza daga "tsira mafi dacewa" zuwa "rayuwar mafi kyawun dabi'a" a matsayin mataki na farko mai mahimmanci.9 Al'ummomin 'yan asalin, waɗanda suka rungumi wannan tunanin dubban shekaru da suka wuce, yanzu suna riƙe da banki na duniya na fasaha da fasaha na asali wanda ba shi da mahimmanci, amma idan mun saka hannun jari a ciki. A nan gaba, bacewar waɗannan fasahohin za su tsaya tare da bacewar nau'ikan halittu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan hasarar da aka yi a ƙarni na 21.
An cire kuma an daidaita shi daga Julia Watson, Lo-TEK. Zane ta Indigenism na Radical (Taschen, 2019).
Lambunan daji na Kihamba, misali. Hoton Julia Watson.
Notes
1 Charles Darwin, Akan Asalin Nau'o'i Ta Hanyar Zabin Halitta, ko, Kiyaye Ƙauren Ƙaunar Ƙaunar Rayuwa a Gwagwarmaya ta Rayuwa.. (London: J. Murray; WWF, 2014)
2 Fikret Berkes, Tsarkakkun Ecology: Ilimin Muhalli na Gargajiya da Gudanar da Albarkatu (Philadelphia PA: Taylor & Francis, 1999).
3 Damian Carrington da Paul Ehrlich, "Rushewar wayewa abu ne da ke kusa a cikin shekaru goma", The Guardian (Maris 2018). Akwai a: shorturl.at/akzPY
4 Gro Harlem Brundtland Rahoton Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ci gaba ta Duniya: Makomar Mu Gaba ɗaya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 1987.
5 Edward O Wilson, "The Bottleneck", Scientific American (Fabrairu 2002): 83-91. Akwai a: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-bottleneck/
6 Mark Dowie, 'Yan Gudun Hijira Na Kiyaye: Rikicin Shekara ɗari Tsakanin Ƙaddamarwar Duniya da Jama'ar Ƙasa (Boston: MIT Press, 2011).
7 Melissa Nelson, Umarnin asali don a Makomar Dorewa (Rochester, Vt.: Bear & Kamfanin, 2008).
8 Robin Wall Kimerer, Braiding Sweetgrass (Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions, 2013).
9 Lynn Margulis, Symbiotic Planet: Sabon Kallon Juyin Halitta (New York: Littattafai na asali, 1998).
Jerin hotuna
Hoto na 1 Duba kan filayen shinkafa na sacerd Mahagiri, wani ɗan ƙaramin kaso na tsarin noma na shekara dubu da aka sani da subak, wanda ya keɓanta ga tsibirin Bali, Indonesia. ©David Lazar
Hoto 2 Layi na ganimar macizai daidai gwargwado a saman hamada daga tsaunukan Elburz zuwa filayen Iraƙi kuma shine kawai shaida na wani rafi na ruwa wanda ba a iya gani ba, wanda mutum ya yi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ake kira qanat, wanda aka fara gina shi da farko. Farisa a farkon shekarun ƙarni na farko KZ. ©Alireza Teimoury
Hoto na 3 A yankin dausayin kudancin kasar Iraki, ana iya saukar da wani gidan Madan baki daya da aka fi sani da mudhif, wanda aka gina shi gaba daya da reshe na Radi, ba tare da amfani da turmi ko kusoshi ba, ana iya sauke shi a sake gina shi a rana guda. ©Jassim Alasadi
Hoto na 4 Las Islas Flotantes wani tsari ne na tsibiri mai iyo a kan tafkin Titicaca a Peru wanda Uros ke zaune, waɗanda suka gina dukkan wayewarsu daga totora Reed na gida. ©Enrique Castro-Mendivil
Hoto na 5 Qasab Reed ya daɗe yana aiki azaman albarkatun ƙasa don gidaje, sana'o'in hannu, kayan aiki, da abincin dabbobi tare da musamman mudhif. gidaje na mutanen Madan da ke fitowa a cikin zane-zane na Sumerian daga shekaru dubu biyar da suka wuce. ©Esme Allen
Hoto na 6 Wani matashi mai kamun kifi yana tafiya a ƙarƙashin wata gada mai rai a ƙauyen Mawlynnong, Indiya. A cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan Meghalaya, mutanen Khasi sun yi amfani da tushen bishiyar robar da za a iya horar da su don shuka Jingkieng Dieng Jri gadajen gadoji a kan koguna tsawon ƙarni. ©Amos Chapple
Bio
Mai tsarawa, mai fafutuka, ilimi kuma marubuci, Julia Watson ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar fasaha ce ta tushen asali. Ayyukanta da ba na al'ada ba sun haifar da bincike, rubuce-rubuce, da ayyukan ƙira waɗanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga mahajjata zuwa wuraren ƴan asalin, yayin da iliminta na yau da kullun ya kai ga matsayin koyarwa a Harvard, Columbia, RISD, da jami'o'in Rensselaer. An buga aikin Julia a ko'ina a cikin mujallu kamar SPOOL, Topos Journal, da Littafin Jagorar Fasahar Yanayi da Jama'ar Indigenous da Climate Technologies. A 2019 ta buga Lo-TEK. Aikin studio na Julia ya ƙunshi magana, rubutu, gine-ginen shimfidar wuri da tsarin birane, tare da shawarwari na gaba don kamfanonin Fortune 500. Ta gudanar da zumunci tare da Summit REALITY & Pop!tech, ta sami kyautar Christensen Fund, lambar yabo ta Arnold W. Brunner don Binciken Gine-gine, lambar yabo ta Majalisar Jihar New York na Arts Architecture + Design award, kuma ws a Rushewa Ta Jakadi Zane na WIRED.
"Mun fara fahimtar wani babban abin mamaki game da sauyin yanayi: cewa mutanen da abin ya fi shafa sau da yawa ba su yi komai ba don haifar da shi. wildfires, da masu mutuwa murjani reefs da farko. Mutane ne kamar Chagga a Tanzaniya, waɗanda tsarin aikin gona da gandun daji ke tallafawa Dutsen Kilimanjaro. arziki iri-iri da ciyar da jama'a masu saurin girma. Ko kuma Kayapó da ke cikin Basin Amazon, waɗanda suke amfani da wuta wajen noma amfanin gona, da cika ƙasa, da kuma kare ƙasarsu daga sare itatuwa. A Iran, Farisa sun ƙera qanat, ko magudanan ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, waɗanda ke zama kamar ɓoyayyiyar fafutuka da rijiyoyinmu masu ƙarfi. Sai kuma mutanen Khasi na Meghalaya, Indiya—wanda aka fi sani da wuri mafi sanyi a duniya—waɗanda suke da mafita don yawo da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da damina: Sun horar da itatuwan ɓaure na roba don yin girma a cikin koguna. A cikin tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, manyan tushen suna girma, tangle, kuma suna ƙarfafa su cikin gadoji kawai - na halitta ko akasin haka - waɗanda za su iya jure hawan matakan ruwa da guguwa mai ƙarfi. Waɗannan mutane ne waɗanda suka rungumi aikin noma na sake haɓakawa, rayuwa mara amfani, da mafita na tushen yanayi tun kafin su kasance 2020 buzzwords. Architect, zanen shimfidar wuri, da farfesa Harvard da Columbia Julia Watson ta yi tafiya a cikin ƙasashe 18 na tsawon shekaru shida don ziyartar waɗannan al'ummomin tare da rubuta hanyoyin rayuwarsu a cikin sabon littafinta, Lo-TEK: Design by Radical Indigenism, wanda Taschen ya buga a farkon wannan shekara. Bayan haskaka haske a kan al'adunsu da sababbin abubuwa, Watson ya kwatanta yadda hanyoyin 'yan asalin ke amfani da duniya - da kuma yadda za a iya amfani da su a duk duniya ta fuskar fuska. matsalar yanayi. "
Bincika Zane-zanen Birni na Vancouver tare da Alexandra Steed
1 year ago[…] Kalubale na Ƙalubalanci: Yayin da birnin ke girma, Alexandra ya haifar da damuwa game da rashin ingantattun kayan aikin kore don kula da karuwar ruwan sama da kuma kare nau'in halittu. […]
Feljin Jose Kan Gina Titunan Shirye-shiryen Yanayi, Gidaje, Rail
4 days agoHaɗa DART +, MetroLink da mafi kyawun motocin bas zuwa yanayin da aka gina: gidaje masu yawa kusa da tashoshi, mafi aminci tafiya da keke, manyan tituna, da wuraren jama'a […]
Comments an rufe.