Kanada Manyan Gine-ginen Green

Canada yayi fice a matsayin jagora na duniya a ci gaba gine-gine, Nuna sabbin ƙira da fasahohin da ke tsara yanayin ƙasa daga bakin teku zuwa bakin teku. Wadannan gine-gine masu amfani da makamashi ba kawai rage girman ba tasirin muhalli amma kuma yana haifar da canji mai kyau, yana tabbatar da cewa makoma mai dorewa tana da fa'ida da fa'idar tattalin arziki¹. sadaukar da kasar ga eco-friendly gini yana bayyana a cikin mafi kyawun aikinsa kore gine-gine, waɗanda suka sami mafi girman matakan LEED takardar shaida¹.

Bibliothèque du Boisé a Montreal misali ne mai haskakawa, gini mai nisan m6,000 2 wanda ya sami takaddun shaida na LEED Platinum. zane mai dorewa da kuma yi². Hakazalika, BC Gidan wucewa Factory a Pemberton, British Columbia, ya rage ta iskar carbon da tan 971 ta hanyar amfani da ginin itace maimakon kankare². Waɗannan ayyukan majagaba suna nuna ƙudirin Kanada don dorewa mai dorewa gine.

• Kanada jagora ce ta duniya a cikin gine-gine mai dorewa, yana nuna sabbin abubuwa kore gine-gine a fadin kasar.
• Gine-ginen kore na Kanada sun sami manyan takaddun shaida na LEED, gami da Platinum, don nasu ƙirar yanayin yanayi da gini.
• Ayyuka kamar Bibliothèque du Boisé da BC Passive House Factory suna kan gaba wajen rage tasirin muhalli ta hanyar ayyuka masu dorewa.
• Ƙaddamar da Kanada ga gine-gine masu amfani da makamashi ya tabbatar da cewa makoma mai dorewa abu ne mai yuwuwa da kuma tattalin arziki.
• Masu gine-gine a Kanada suna kan gaba zayyana yankan-baki koren gine-gine wanda ke haifar da canji mai kyau.

Ƙaddamar da Kanada don yin gine-ginen muhalli ya samo asali sosai a cikin shekaru. The masana'antar gini ya rungumi ayyukan kore, daga sabbin ci gaban birane zuwa kaddarorin karkara masu dorewa³. Cibiyar Mosaic a Edmonton, Alberta, an haskakata a matsayin ginin sifili na kasuwanci na farko na Kanada, yayin da Dockside Green a Victoria, British Columbia, ke misalta dorewa. zaman birni da nunin faifai kore gini dabaru kamar ƙirar hasken rana da ba ta dace ba da kuma kula da ruwan sharar gida.

Tafiya ta Kanada zuwa ga gine-gine mai dorewa yana da tushe mai zurfi. Kasar ta dade tana mai da hankali kan kiyaye muhalli ya yi tasiri a fannin gine-gine, wanda ya haifar da ɗaukar ayyukan gine-gine da fasaha na ci gaba. Yayin da matsalolin muhalli suka tsananta, masana'antar ta mayar da martani tare da kara mai da hankali kan ƙarfin aiki, sabunta makamashi hadewa, da amfanin kayan dorewa.

A yau, masana'antar gine-ginen Kanada suna kan gaba don ƙira mai dorewa³. Cibiyar Nazarin Sadarwar Sadarwa akan dorewa (CIRS) a Jami'ar British Columbia's Point Grey harabar yana samar da makamashi fiye da yadda yake cinyewa ta hanyar fasali kamar su. masu amfani da hasken rana, wurin samar da makamashin halittu, da sabon tsarin dawo da zafi³. Cibiyar Rangers ta Duniya don Fasaha mai Dorewa ta zarce ka'idodin LEED Platinum ta hanyar haɗa tsarin ingantaccen makamashi, kofofin koren, Da kuma girbin ruwan sama don rage sawun muhallinsa.

Ƙirar hasken rana, tsarin kashe-gid, da amfani da kayan da ke da ladabi suna daga cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa a halin yanzu suna tsara makomar gaba gine-ginen muhalli a Kanada. Wadannan sababbin hanyoyin ba kawai rage da tasirin muhalli na gine-gine amma kuma yana haɓaka ƙarfin kuzari da kwanciyar hankali na mazauna.

Girman girmamawa akan kore takardar shaidar gini a Kanada ya yi tasiri sosai a harkar gine-gine³. CFP Green Gine-gine ana ba da shawarar don gwani taimako don cimma burin dorewa a gina manyan fayiloli a Kanada⁴. Juya daga burbushin man dumama kayan aikin zuwa wasu hanyoyi kamar zafi farashinsa mataki ne mai mahimmanci don rage hayaki mai aiki daga gine-gine, daidaitawa tare da dabarun abubuwan fifiko na Dabarun Gine-gine na Kanada.

⁴ Dabarar Gine-ginen Green na Kanada ta bayyana yuwuwar samar da dubunnan ɗaruruwan ayyuka masu dorewa a ɓangaren gine-gine, yayin da ke jaddada muhimmancin of hadewa tsabtataccen tushen makamashi da raguwa gaba ɗaya amfani da makamashi don magance haɗarin yanayi da rage farashin makamashi ga mutanen Kanada.

⁴ Bukatar hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya, larduna, kananan hukumomi, 'yan asalin kungiyoyi, kasuwanci, cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi, da masana'antu na da matukar muhimmanci wajen rage kalubalen bangaren gine-gine da kuma cimma matsayar sifiri na kasar. makasudin fitar da hayaki.

Takaddun shaida na gine-ginen kore suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shimfidar gine-gine mai dorewa na Kanada. LEED (Jagoranci a Makamashi da Tsarin Mahalli) Ana karɓar takaddun shaida a ko'ina, tare da ayyuka da yawa da ke samun babban darajar Platinum⁵. Sauran takaddun shaida, irin su Gidan Wuta da Net Zero Matsayin Ginin Makamashi, kuma sun kafa ma'auni don ingantaccen makamashi, ruwa kiyayewa, da kuma aikin muhalli gabaɗaya a cikin gine-ginen Kanada⁵.

Waɗannan takaddun shaida suna ba da cikakkiyar tsari don tantance dorewar gini. Misali, BOMA BEST yana kimanta mahimman wurare guda goma, gami da makamashi, ruwa, iska, ta'aziyya, da kiwon lafiya, don sanin tasirin muhallin gini⁵. LEED, a gefe guda, yana ba da matakan takaddun shaida guda huɗu - Certified, Azurfa, Zinariya, da Platinum - bisa tsarin ƙimar maki 110⁵⁶.

• Gine-ginen Gidan Motsawa na iya cinye har zuwa kashi 90 ƙasa da dumama da kuzari fiye da gine-gine na al'ada⁵.
• Ma'auni na Ginin Carbon na sifili yana kimanta gine-gine bisa hayaƙin carbon don cimma ma'aunin carbon sifili⁵.
• GASKIYA takardar shedar sifili tana buƙatar karkatar da mafi ƙarancin kashi 90% na ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, marasa haɗari daga wuraren shara na tsawon watanni 12 a jere.⁵.
• Gina Green yana mai da hankali kan ka'idojin ginin mazaunin kamar makamashi da ambulaf, ingancin iska na cikin gida, da kuma kiyaye ruwa⁵.
• R-2000 yana auna ingancin makamashi, ingancin iska na cikin gida, da alhakin muhalli a cikin ginin gida⁵.
• Shirin Lakabi na Gidan Gidan Gidan Net Zero yana tsara buƙatun fasaha don gidaje don cimma ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun aikin makamashi a cikin matakai biyu: Net Zero da Net Zero Ready⁵.
• EnerGuide yana kimanta aikin makamashi na gida tare da ƙimar 0 yana nuna gidan sifili.⁵.
• Green Globes yana ba da tsarin ƙima da ƙima don sabbin ayyukan gini da gyare-gyare, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan gini iri-iri.⁵.

Farashin da buƙatun sake tabbatarwa na waɗannan takaddun takaddun gini kore sun bambanta. Misali, tabbatar da sabon ginin kasuwanci har zuwa 2,500 m2 a ƙarƙashin LEED na iya kashe $7,250, yayin da tabbatar da ginin da ake da shi na girman girman $4,350.⁶. Ana buƙatar sake tabbatar da LEED kowane shekara uku, kuma matakan takaddun shaida sun dogara ne akan maki da aka samu⁶.

Gabaɗaya, waɗannan kore takardar shaidar gini a Kanada nufin zuwa rage iskar carbon, ƙananan makamashi da amfani da ruwa, da inganta amfani da kayan aiki masu dorewa da sabunta makamashi kafofin⁷. Ta hanyar samun waɗannan takaddun shaida, masu ginin za su iya jin daɗin fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi, kamar ƙananan farashin aiki da ƙimar kadara mafi girma, yayin da kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin dorewa. gina yanayi⁷.

"Takaddun shaida na gine-ginen kore suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ci gaba mai dorewa na ginin Kanada yanayi, kafa ma'auni don ingantaccen makamashi, kiyaye ruwa, da kuma aikin muhalli gabaɗaya."

Kanada ita ce kan gaba a cikin gine-gine masu ɗorewa, tare da gine-ginen kore da yawa waɗanda ke nuna himmar al'umma don ingantaccen makamashi da alhakin muhalli. Waɗannan ayyukan na farko ba wai kawai sun kafa sabbin ƙa'idodi don ƙira mai dorewa ba amma kuma suna zama samfuri masu ƙarfafawa don ci gaban gaba a duk faɗin ƙasar.

Located in Winnipeg, Manitoba Hydro Place misali ne mai haske na yadda gine-gine masu amfani da makamashi a Kanada zai iya bunƙasa har ma a cikin matsanancin yanayi. Wannan kyakkyawan zane mai ban sha'awa, wanda KPMB Architects ya tsara, yana alfahari da raguwar amfani da makamashi da kashi 60% idan aka kwatanta da gine-ginen ofis na gargajiya.⁸. Ƙirƙirar ƙirar sa, wanda ya haɗa da bangon labule mai ƙyalƙyali biyu da kuma wani abu na musamman, yana ba da damar samun iska ta yanayi da dumama hasken rana, yana rage girman ginin. ƙafafun ƙwaƙwalwar ƙafa.

The Vancouver Cibiyar Taro, wanda LMN Architects ya tsara, babban misali ne na dorewar gine-gine a Kanada. Wannan ƙaƙƙarfan ginin yana da rufin rayuwa tare da bambancin yan adam, samar da ba kawai aesthetic roko amma kuma muhalli amfanin. Bugu da ƙari, cibiyar taron tana amfani da ruwan teku don dumama da sanyaya, yana ƙara haɓaka ƙarfin makamashi da rage tasirin muhalli.⁸.

Cibiyar Joyce don Haɗin gwiwa & Bidi'a a Kwalejin Mohawk da ke Hamilton, Ontario, shaida ce ta gaskiya ga ƙudirin Kanada don dorewar ƙira. DPAI Architecture ne ya tsara shi, wannan ginin makamashi mai sifili⁸ hidima a matsayin cibiyar ilimi, nuna sabon ci gaba a cikin fasaha masu amfani da makamashi da ayyukan gini masu dorewa. Ƙirƙirar ƙirar cibiyar da haɗa hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa sun sa ta zama misali mai haske na abin da za a iya samu a fagen. kore gine.

"Wadannan gine-ginen kore na majagaba a Kanada ba kawai suna da daɗi ba amma suna nuna sadaukarwar ƙasar don samar da makoma mai dorewa."

Ayyukan da aka haskaka a cikin wannan sashe suna wakiltar yankan gefen dorewar gine-gine a Kanada, saita sabbin ma'auni don ingantaccen makamashi, kula da muhalli, da tasirin al'umma. Yayin da Kanada ke ci gaba da jagoranci a cikin sabbin gine-ginen kore, waɗannan ayyukan majagaba za su ƙarfafa masu gine-gine, masu ci gaba, da masu tsara manufofi a duniya su rungumi ka'idodin ƙira masu dorewa da ƙirƙirar yanayi mai ɗorewa, mafi juriya⁸⁹.

A cikin zuciyar Edmonton, Alberta, Cibiyar Mosaic ta tsaya a matsayin misali na majagaba na dorewar gine-gine a Kanada¹⁰. Wannan ginin sifili na kasuwanci mai murabba'in ƙafa 30,000 shine irinsa na farko a ƙasar¹⁰, nuna yuwuwar samar da makamashi mai inganci da gina muhalli sane ayyuka.

Ƙirar Cibiyar Mosaic ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba tana haɗa ƙa'idodin biophilic, tana haɗa ginin da aka gina tare da duniyar halitta. Yana da tsarin hasken rana mai ban sha'awa akan rufin sa da facade, ginin yana samar da nasa makamashin da za'a sabunta don sarrafa ayyukansa.¹⁰. Tsarin dumama da sanyaya wutar lantarki cikakke ne, yana amfani da tsarin geoexchange ko tsarin famfo mai zafi na ƙasa tare da rijiyoyin burtsatse 32 masu zurfin mita 70.¹⁰.

An gina shi akan dala miliyan 10.5 kuma an kammala watanni uku kafin lokacin da aka tsara, Cibiyar Mosaic shaida ce ga yuwuwa da fa'idodin ƙirar ginin sifili.¹⁰. Aikin yana da nufin cimma duka takaddun shaida na LEED Platinum da takardar shedar Kalubalen Ginin Rayuwa, da kafa sabon ma'auni don ci gaban kasuwanci mai dorewa a duk faɗin Kanada.¹⁰.

Bayan tsarin da ya dace da makamashi, Cibiyar Mosaic kuma tana alfahari da kewayon sabbin abubuwa, gami da kulawar rana, wurin motsa jiki, da sararin aiki tare, samar da fa'ida da haɗaka. cibiya ta gari¹⁰. Ƙaddamar da ginin don ɗorewa yana ƙara bayyana a cikin karkatar da kashi 95% na sharar gini da kuma haɗar da yanayin 30% mai cin abinci.¹¹.

Nasarar Cibiyar Mosaic ta sami karbuwa sosai, inda ta sami lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Nazarin Karfe ta Kanada, Kyautar Haɗin gwiwar CISC a cikin 2015, da lambar yabo ta Canjin Masana'antar Rana ta Kanada don Aikin PV na Solar na shekara a cikin 2015.¹¹. Wannan aikin majagaba ya tsaya a matsayin misali mai haske na yadda gine-ginen sifili za su sake fayyace makomar gine-gine mai dorewa a Kanada.

Cibiyar Nazarin Sadarwar Sadarwa akan Dorewa (CIRS) a Jami'ar British Columbia ta tsaya a matsayin misali na farko na makamashi mai sabuntawa da gine-gine masu amfani da makamashi a Kanada. An ƙera shi bisa ga ƙa'idodin ɗorewa na sabuntawa wanda Dr. John Robinson ya zayyana, wannan keɓaɓɓen tsari yana aiki azaman dakin gwaje-gwaje mai rai, yana nuna sabbin fasalolin ƙira da ma'aunin aikin muhalli waɗanda ke saita sabbin ƙa'idodi don koren gini ayyuka¹².

Ba da fifikon jin daɗin zama da jin daɗin rayuwa, CIRS tana haɗa hasken rana da dabarun samun iska na yanayi a duk lokacin ƙirarta. Har ila yau, ginin yana amfani da tsararrun tsarin sabuntawa da sabbin makamashi, gami da geothermal, photovoltaics, da zafin rana fasahar¹². An gina shi da wani nau'in siminti da katako mai yawa, tsarin ginin, wanda ke da ginshiƙan manne da katako, an ƙiyasta zai sarrafa kwatankwacin tan 600 na carbon dioxide, yana ƙara haɓaka ƙimar muhallinsa.¹².

CIRS ta sami takardar shedar LEED Platinum ta Majalisar Gine-gine ta Kanada, shaida ga nagartaccen aikinta na muhalli.¹². Tsarin gine-ginen gine-ginen yana haifar da kwararar ruwa zuwa cikin magudanar ruwa na gida, yayin da bango mai rai a kan facade na yamma yana ba da hasken rana na yanayi na yanayi, yana nuna himma don dorewa. sarrafa ruwa da ingantaccen makamashi¹².

A matsayin cibiyar bincike da ilimi masu ɗorewa, CIRS gida ce ga ƙungiyoyin bincike daban-daban da sassan ilimi. An sanye shi da hanyar sadarwa na na'urori masu auna firikwensin, ginin yana goyan bayan ayyukan bincike mai gudana da nufin inganta ayyukansa da haɓaka fagen ƙirar gini mai dorewa.¹². CIRS ta sami lambobin yabo mai dorewa da yawa, yana ƙarfafa matsayinta a matsayin dakin gwaje-gwaje mai rai da abin koyi ga gine-gine masu amfani da makamashi a Kanada¹².

Cibiyar Nazarin Sadarwar Sadarwa akan Dorewa (CIRS) a Jami'ar British Columbia misali ne mai haske na yuwuwar sabunta makamashi da gine-gine masu amfani da makamashi a Kanada.¹⁴. Wannan gini mai dorewa na dala miliyan 37 an sanya shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsadar gine-gine a fannin dorewa, amma tanadin farashi na dogon lokaci da fa'idodin muhalli ya sa ya zama jari mai dacewa.¹⁴. CIRS babban gini ne mai kyau, yanayin da ba a saba gani ba tsakanin gine-gine masu dorewa a duk duniya, kuma an ƙirƙira shi don wuce ƙa'idodin LEED Platinum da ƙalubalen Ginin Rayuwa, yana tabbatar da matsayinsa na jagora a babban aiki. kore gini zane¹⁴.

Tsarin katako na ginin yana kulle sama da ton 500 na carbon, yana taimakawa wajen daidaitawa Karkashin gas da aka samu daga yin amfani da kayan aikin da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba¹⁴. Yayin da CIRS ta kashe 25% fiye da daidai ginin LEED Gold, jami'ar ta kiyasta cewa za ta dawo da ƙarin jarin a cikin shekaru 25 ko ƙasa da haka ta hanyar rage yawan aiki, kulawa, da farashin makamashi, yana nuna fa'idodin kuɗi na dogon lokaci. ci gaba mai dorewa¹⁴.

A cikin hikimar makamashi, CIRS tana ɗaukar makamashi daga tushe daban-daban don dumama kanta kuma ta dawo da rarar makamashi a cikin harabar, ta samar da awoyi megawatt 600 na ƙarin makamashi.¹⁴. Cikin sharuddan carbon aiki raguwa, ayyukan CIRS sun kawar da buƙatun buƙatun mai, kuma rarar makamashin da ake bayarwa ga ginin da ke kusa yana kawar da ton 150 na hayaki mai gurbata yanayi a shekara.¹⁴. Bugu da ƙari, ana sa ran CIRS za ta samar da ruwa don bukatun mazaunan 200 da sauran masu amfani da yawa ta hanyar ɗaukar ruwan sama da kuma kula da shi a kan wurin, samar da ruwa mai dorewa ga mazauna ginin.¹⁴.

"CIRS tana aiki azaman dakin gwaje-gwaje mai rai, yana nuna sabbin fasalolin ƙira da ma'aunin aikin muhalli waɗanda ke saita sabbin ka'idoji don ayyukan ginin kore."

Cibiyar Rangers ta Duniya don Fasaha mai Dorewa a Kanada misali ne mai haske na ginin muhalli, yana nuna fasahar gine-ginen kore. An ƙirƙira shi don wuce ƙa'idodin Platinum na LEED, wannan ƙaƙƙarfan kayan aiki ya haɗa da ɗimbin tsare-tsare masu ƙarfi, gami da fale-falen hasken rana 324 da rijiyoyin geothermal 44 don sarrafa zafin jiki.¹⁵. Sabbin fasalulluka na cibiyar sun ba ta damar samun gagarumin raguwar kashi 18% na yawan amfani da makamashi, daga 9 kWh/sf zuwa kawai 9 kWh/sf, yana rage saurin sawun carbon da tan 100 a kowace shekara.¹⁵.

A matsayin cibiyar ilmantarwa da wayar da kai, Cibiyar Rangers ta Duniya tana zaburar da baƙi don ɗaukar ayyuka masu dorewa a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. Tare da sama da takaddun ginin kore 1,400 da aka kammala a Kanada¹⁵, Ƙirar da cibiyar ta yi, ya zama shaida ga yunƙurin da ƙasar ke yi na gina gine-ginen muhalli.¹⁶. Takaddun shaida na LEED Gold na kayan aikin shaida ce ga aikinta na muhalli, tare da fasali kamar rufin kore mai faɗin murabba'in ƙafa 22,000, tsarin sanyaya ƙasa, da kula da danshin ƙasa don rage yawan ruwa.¹⁶.

Tafiya ta Cibiyar Rangers ta Duniya zuwa dorewa ta kasance abin ban mamaki. Bayan da aka fara gina shi a cikin 2004, an tsara wurin don zama mafi inganci 63% fiye da na al'ada a cikin National Energy Code¹⁷. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, haɓakar dumama geothermal da na'urorin hasken rana sun ba da damar cibiyar yin aiki tare da 90% mafi girman inganci fiye da asali na asali.¹⁷. Cibiyar bayanan cibiyar, wacce ke cin kashi 12% na jimillar makamashin gini, ita ma an inganta ta ta hanyar aiwatar na babban inganci, sabar sabar da aka ƙware sosai da Tsarin Ƙirar Ƙididdigar Cisco, wanda ya kai har zuwa 85% a cikin tanadin makamashi.¹⁷.

Nasarar da Cibiyar Rangers ta Duniya ta samu ba ta wuce ba. A shekara ta 2012, ginin ya sami takaddun shaida na LEED Platinum, tare da mafi girman maki da aka sani don ginin da ake da shi.¹⁷. Wannan gagarumar nasara, tare da kokarin ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da yi na ci gaba da ingiza iyakoki na zane mai dorewa, ya tabbatar da matsayinta na jagora na gaskiya. gine-ginen muhalli a Kanada¹⁵.

Yayin da yanayin duniya na ci gaba da bunƙasa gine-gine na ci gaba da samun ci gaba, tare da gine-ginen da ke da sama da kashi 35 cikin 2010 na yawan makamashin da ake amfani da su a shekarar 50 kuma ana sa ran samun bunƙasa kashi 2050 cikin XNUMX na makamashi nan da shekarar XNUMX.¹⁵, Cibiyar Rangers ta Duniya ta tsaya a matsayin misali mai haske na abin da za a iya samu lokacin da ƙirƙira, fasaha, da kula da muhalli suka haɗu.¹⁵. Tare da damar dala tiriliyan 19 ta duniya ta Intanet na Komai (IoE), tare da dala tiriliyan 2.5 a cikin amfani da kadara, yawan yawan ma'aikata, sarkar samar da kayayyaki, da fa'idodin ƙwarewar abokin ciniki.¹⁵, nan gaba na gine-ginen muhalli a Kanada yayi haske fiye da kowane lokaci.

"Cibiyar Rangers ta Duniya tana canzawa daga dangantaka ta zamani zuwa haɗin gwiwa na yau da kullun tare da masu siyarwa waɗanda ke neman haɓaka sha'awar kasuwa don amfani da fasaha zuwa gine-gine masu dorewa."¹⁷

An gina shi a cikin ciyawar lambun lambun Botanical na VanDusen a Vancouver, Cibiyar Baƙi ta Botanical ta VanDusen ta tsaya a matsayin shaida ga ɗorewar gine-gine a Kanada. Shahararren mai ginin gine-gine Peter Busby ne ya tsara shi, wannan tsarin halitta mai hawa ɗaya ya ƙunshi yanki mai ban sha'awa na 19,483 m² kuma an kammala shi a cikin 2011.¹⁸.

Ƙirar Cibiyar Baƙi tana ɗaukar wahayi daga duniyar halitta, tana haɗa abubuwa waɗanda ba su dace ba tare da shimfidar wuri mai kewaye. Haɗe da bangon duniya da aka riga aka keɓance, tsarin silhouette mai lanƙwasa na ginin da 'petals' koren rufin da ba shi da tushe yana haifar da kyakkyawan tsari na ɗan asalin orchid.¹⁹. An cimma hadadden lissafi na tsarin rufin ta hanyar yin amfani da ci-gaba na ƙirar ƙirar 3D da kuma dabarun daidaitawa, wanda ke nuna sabbin hanyoyin ƙirar gine-ginen don dorewar gine-gine a Kanada.¹⁹.

Dorewa yana tsakiyar ƙirar VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Centre. Ginin yana amfani da nau'ikan hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, gami da rijiyoyin burtsatse na geothermal, hasken rana photovoltaics, da bututun ruwan zafi na hasken rana, don nufin amfani da kuzarin sifili a kowace shekara.¹⁹. Bugu da ƙari, Cibiyar Baƙi ta yi amfani da matakan ceton ruwa, kamar tace ruwan sama da kuma kula da ruwan baƙar fata a kan wurin, tabbatar da ingantaccen amfani da wannan albarkatu mai daraja.¹⁹. Yawan amfani da kayayyakin itace, gami da tsarin rufin da aka kayyade, ƙulla, da kayan, suma suna ba da gudummawa ga ɗaukacin ginin carbon da tsaka tsaki.¹⁹.

Cibiyar Baƙi ta Lambun Botanical ta VanDusen ta zama alamar ƙasa a cikin al'umma, tana aiki a matsayin cibiya ilimin muhalli da fadakarwa. Tsarin gine-ginen da ke da ban sha'awa da fasali mai ɗorewa sun sanya shi zama sanannen wuri ga baƙi, yana nuna yuwuwar Tsarin rufin kore a Kanada da kuma dorewar gine-gine a Kanada. Ta hanyar haɗawa ba tare da wani lahani ba tare da lambunan ciyayi da ke kewaye, Cibiyar Baƙi ta zama alamar alaƙa mai jituwa tsakanin. yanayi da tsarin da ɗan adam ya yi, yana ƙarfafa wasu su ɗauki ƙarin ƙa'idodin ƙira masu dacewa da yanayin muhalli¹⁸.

“Tsarin Cibiyar Baƙi ta Botanical Garden ta VanDusen tana nuna sadaukarwarmu don dorewa da zurfin godiyarmu ga yanayin yanayi. Wani aiki ne da ke nuna mafi kyawun gine-ginen koren Kanada."

- Peter Busby, Jagoran Gine-gine

Toronto, mafi girma birnin a Kanada, ita ce ke jagorantar alhakin al'umma zuwa ga gine-gine mai dorewa²⁰. Tare da kusan kashi 30% na hayaki mai gurbata yanayi a Kanada ta hanyar gine-gine²⁰, alƙawarin birnin koren zane kuma gini yana da mahimmanci. Toronto tana da ƙwararrun gine-gine sama da 5500 na LEED²⁰, kuma a cikin 2021, Kanada ta ba da izinin ayyukan 205 bisa ga tsarin ƙimar LEED²⁰.

Dokar Green Roof ta birnin, wanda aka aiwatar a cikin 2010, ya kasance mai ingiza wannan juyin-juya halin koren gini.²⁰. Toronto yanzu tana alfahari sama da murabba'in ƙafa 600,000 na rufin koren da aka shigar²⁰, Nuna sabbin ƙira waɗanda ke haɗa ciyayi da sabunta makamashi mafita. Wani sanannen aiki shine Cibiyar Egale, matsuguni na dala miliyan 10 ga matasa LGBTQ, wanda ya haɗa lambunan lambun lambun kore-rufin kuma yana da nufin tanadin makamashi 50% ta hanyar hasken rana, hasken LED, da na'urorin dawo da makamashi.

Ƙaddamar da Toronto don dorewar gine-ginen ya wuce ci gaban mazaunin. Garin gida ne ga ayyukan kasuwanci da cibiyoyi da yawa na LEED, gami da Cibiyar Innovation ta Waterfront, TD Center Complex, Kipling Bus Terminal, Prada Toronto, da Duniyar Musanya Plaza.²⁰. Shagon Prada Toronto ya sami takardar shaidar Zinariya a cikin Tsarin Cikin Gida + Gina don siyarwa a cikin 2018²⁰, yayin da Duniya Exchange Plaza ta samu kashi 70% na karkatar da sharar gida da kuma takardar shedar LEED Platinum.²⁰.

Yayin da yawan jama'ar Toronto ke ci gaba da karuwa²¹, shirye-shiryen gine-ginen koren birni sun shirya don taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage tasirin muhalli. Tare da Kanada matsayi na biyu a duniya don Manyan ƙasashe 10 da yankuna don LEED a cikin 2021²⁰, Tsarin gine-gine mai ɗorewa na Toronto yana kafa babban mashaya ga sauran al'umma su bi.

"Toronto ita ce kan gaba a juyin-juya-halin gine-gine na Kanada, inda ya kafa misali mai karfi na yadda birane za su iya haɗa ƙira mai ɗorewa da sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi don rage sawun muhallinsu."

Kamfanonin gine-ginen Kanada suna kan gaba wajen tsara ƙira mai dorewa, suna yin gyare-gyaren sabbin hanyoyin da ke canza yanayin ginin ƙasar.²². Wadannan manyan kamfanoni, ciki har da Perkins + Will, CSV Architects, da Solterre Design, sun yi aiki a kan ayyuka masu yawa na ƙasa waɗanda ke kafa sababbin ka'idoji don ginin kore a Kanada.

Perkins+Will, kamfani na gine-gine da ƙira na duniya, ya bar alamar da ba za a taɓa mantawa da ita ba kan dorewar gine-ginen Kanada. Wurin su na Manitoba Hydro a Winnipeg, alal misali, sun sami kyakkyawan tanadin kuzari 60%.²². Hakazalika, Cibiyar Taro ta Vancouver, wanda kamfanin ya tsara, yana rage yawan amfani da makamashi da kashi 60% ta hanyar amfani da ruwan teku don sanyaya da dumama.²².

CSV Architects, waɗanda aka sani da cikakkiyar tsarin su na ginin kore, sun yi aiki akan ayyuka kamar Cibiyar Nazarin Sadarwa akan Dorewa (CIRS), wanda ke rage fitar da iskar carbon da kashi 90% kuma yana ɗaukar tan 904 na carbon.²². Gine-ginen su na Greenstone shima yana amfani da cakuɗen siminti da ash na gardawa don rage hayakin da ake fitarwa²².

Solterre Design, ƙwararren ƙwararren gine-gine mai ɗorewa, ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga juyin-juya-halin gini na Kanada. Ginin su na CK Choi yana tattara sama da kashi 50% na kayan da aka sake fa'ida don gini²², yayin da VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Center ke amfani da hasken rana da rijiyoyin geothermal don rage yawan amfani da makamashi.²².

Waɗannan kamfanoni na gine-gine ba kawai sun ingiza iyakokin ƙira mai dorewa ba amma kuma sun ƙarfafa wasu su bi kwatance. Wuri na Centennial, alal misali, yana fasalta girbin ruwan sama da tsarin sake amfani da ruwan toka²², yayin da Cibiyar Dominion ta Toronto ta rage yawan hayaki ta hanyar tafkin da ke sarrafa tsarin sanyaya²².

Cibiyar Rangers ta Duniya ta fito a matsayin misali mai haske na gine-ginen kore, tare da hasken rana 324 masu samar da wutar lantarki da rijiyoyin geothermal 44 masu sarrafa zafin ciki.²². Jami'ar Waterloo's Environment Building 3 shima yana burgewa, yana rage yawan amfani da ruwa da kashi 87% tare da faucet masu ƙarancin kwarara ta atomatik da bandaki.²².

Yayin da masana'antar gine-ginen Kanada ke ci gaba da rungumar ayyuka masu ɗorewa, waɗannan sabbin kamfanoni na gine-ginen suna jagorantar cajin, suna tsara makomar gaba inda ginin kore ya zama al'ada, ba banda.²³²⁴.

"Kamfanonin gine-ginen Kanada suna kan gaba wajen samar da tsari mai dorewa, da samar da sabbin hanyoyin da za su canza yanayin gina kasar."

Gine-ginen koren Kanada suna kan gaba wajen haɗa nau'ikan fasahohi da kayayyaki masu ɗorewa. Wadannan hanyoyin da suka dace da muhalli suna kawo sauyi ga masana'antar gine-gine, suna ba da hanya ga makomar karancin carbon²⁵.

Tsarin hasken rana na hotovoltaic abin gani ne na kowa, yana amfani da hasken rana mai yawa don samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa.²⁶. Tsarin dumama geothermal da sanyaya suna amfani da yanayin yanayin duniya don samar da ingantaccen aiki sauyin yanayi, rage dogaro da albarkatun mai²⁶. Tsarin girbin ruwan sama yana kamawa da sake dawo da hazo, yana rage wahalar samar da ruwan na birni.²⁶.

Dorewa kayan gini suna kuma samun karbuwa a Kanada. Karfe da aka sake yin fa'ida, bambaro, da dunƙule ƙasa suna maye gurbin kayan gini na gargajiya, suna ba da ragi hadaddun carbon da ingantaccen karko²⁷. Ƙa'idodin ƙirar hasken rana, waɗanda ke inganta yanayin gini da kuma amfani da iskar yanayi, suna ƙara samun shahara, suna haɓaka ƙarfin kuzari ba tare da buƙatar tsarin injina masu rikitarwa ba.²⁷.

Haɗin waɗannan fasahohi masu ɗorewa da kayan ba wai kawai canza kyawawan kyawawan gine-ginen Kanada bane amma har ma suna rage tasirin muhalli sosai.²⁵²⁶²⁷. Yayin da buƙatun gina ƙananan carbon ke ci gaba da haɓaka, makomar gine-ginen kore a Kanada yana ƙara yin alƙawarin.

Haɗuwa da fasahohi masu ɗorewa da kayan aiki a cikin gine-ginen koren Kanada yana haifar da juyin juya hali a cikin masana'antar gine-gine, yana ba da hanya don ƙarin alhakin muhalli.²⁵²⁶²⁷.

“Tsarin gine-gine mai dorewa ba kawai don rage yawan amfani da makamashi ba; ya shafi samar da sifofi da suka dace da yanayin yanayi, da rage sawun carbon dinsu, da kuma inganta jin dadin mazaunan su.”

Haɓakar gine-gine masu amfani da makamashi da gine-ginen muhalli a Kanada Ba wai kawai ya amfanar da muhalli ba har ma ya nuna fa'idodin tattalin arziki masu mahimmanci. Ayyuka irin su Cibiyar Joyce da ta sami lambar yabo don Haɗin gwiwa & Ƙirƙira suna nuna yadda gine-ginen makamashi na sifili zai iya rage farashin aiki sosai²⁸. Nazarin ya nuna cewa masu koren gine-gine sun ba da rahoton kusan kashi 20 cikin XNUMX na farashin kulawa fiye da gine-ginen kasuwanci na yau da kullun²⁸.

Sakamakon zuba jari na dogon lokaci na ƙira mai ɗorewa yana da tursasawa daidai. Rage kuɗaɗen makamashi, haɓaka ƙimar kadara, da rage yawan kashe kuɗi duk suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziƙin ayyukan ginin kore.²⁸. Ƙimar sake sayar da gidajen da aka gina zuwa ma'auni na LEED a yankin Austin-Round Rock ya nuna karuwar kashi takwas cikin ɗari, yayin da gidajen da aka gina zuwa mafi girman ma'auni na kore sun sami karuwar kashi shida cikin dari a cikin darajar.²⁸. Wannan yanayin yana ƙarfafa ƙarin masu haɓakawa da masu ginin gini don rungumar gine-gine masu amfani da makamashi da gina yanayin yanayi a Kanada.

Kyakkyawan tasirin tattalin arziki na ginin kore ya wuce ayyukan mutum ɗaya²⁸. Koren gini tsakanin 2011-2014 ya ba da gudummawar dala biliyan 167.4 ga GDP na Amurka, kuma a Texas, sama da ayyuka 720,000 sun sami tallafi ta hanyar gine-ginen kore a daidai wannan lokacin.²⁸. Bugu da ƙari, aikin da ke da alaƙa da LEED ya ba da gudummawar dala biliyan 1.09 kai tsaye ga harajin kuɗin shiga na mutum ɗaya a cikin 2014²⁸.

Amfanin tattalin arziki na ƙira mai dorewa ba ta iyakance ga gini da ayyuka ba²⁸. Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Gine-gine ta Ƙasa ta gano cewa $1 da aka kashe akan ayyukan ragewa yana adana dala 6 don amsawa da farashin dawowa²⁸. Binciken da Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta yi game da gine-ginen da aka tabbatar da LEED 22 da Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ke gudanarwa ya nuna 34% ƙananan iskar CO2, 25% ƙarancin amfani da makamashi, da 11% ƙarancin amfani da ruwa idan aka kwatanta da gine-ginen da ba a tabbatar ba.²⁸. Waɗannan binciken sun nuna fa'idar tattalin arziƙi mai nisa na saka hannun jari a cikin gine-gine masu amfani da makamashi da kuma gine-ginen muhalli a Kanada.

Amfanin tattalin arziki na ƙirar ginin kore yana ƙara ƙarfafa ta hanyar yanayin masana'antu²⁸. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa ayyukan da ke tafe a masana'antar gine-gine da gine-gine sun nuna yanayin koren gine-gine, inda ake sa ran za a gudanar da ayyuka da yawa a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa.²⁸. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan LEED suna da matsakaicin makin ENERGY STAR na 89 cikin 100, kuma sama da kashi 90 na ƙwararrun ayyukan gine-gine suna inganta aikin makamashi da aƙalla 10%²⁸. Waɗannan ƙididdiga sun nuna haɓakar buƙatu da ƙarfin aiki na gine-gine masu amfani da makamashi da kuma gina yanayin yanayi a Kanada.

Fa'idodin muhalli da tattalin arziƙin ƙira mai ɗorewa sun sanya ginin kore a matsayin muhimmin sashi na masana'antar gine-ginen Kanada. Yayin da fannin ke ci gaba da samun bunkasuwa, fa'idar tattalin arziki na gine-gine masu amfani da makamashi da gine-ginen muhalli za su kara bayyana ne kawai, tare da kara samun karbuwa da saka hannun jari a wannan yanki mai matukar muhimmanci.²⁸²⁹.

Gine-ginen koren Kanada suna yin gagarumin ci gaba wajen rage tasirin muhalli da hayaƙin carbon. Misali, ginin CIRS na Jami'ar British Columbia yana samar da makamashi fiye da yadda yake cinyewa³⁰, yana nuna yuwuwar ƙirar net-zero makamashi. Hakazalika, Cibiyar Rangers ta Duniya ta nuna yadda haɗaɗɗun tsare-tsare masu ɗorewa na iya rage sawun carbon ɗin gini da ban mamaki³⁰. Waɗannan ayyukan majagaba suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙoƙarin Kanada na ci gaba da ragewa canjin yanayi da kiyaye ta albarkatu na halitta domin al'ummomi masu zuwa.

Bangaren gine-gine a Kanada ne ke da alhakin wani kaso mai tsoka na hayakin da ake fitarwa a kasar (GHG), wanda ya kai kashi 17% na jimillar.³¹. Lokacin yin la'akari kayan gini da gini, iskar carbon da ake dangantawa da gine-gine ya karu zuwa kusan 30%³¹. Don magance wannan ƙalubalen, gwamnatin Kanada ta tilasta wa gine-ginen da ta mallaka ko ta hayar su bin ka'idojin sifilin carbon, inda ta kafa misali ga sauran masu ginin.³¹.

Majalisar Gine-gine ta Kanada (CAGBC) ta yi kiyasin cewa ayyukan ginin kore kai tsaye miliyan 1.5 na iya wanzuwa nan da shekarar 2030 idan gwamnati ta matsa kaimi don dawo da koren daga baya. COVID-19 cutar kwayar cutar³¹. Wannan canji zuwa ƙananan-carbon yi da kore takardar shaidar gini a Kanada³¹ ba kawai zai rage tasirin muhalli ba amma kuma zai haifar da sabbin damar yin aiki a cikin gine-ginen gine-gine da masana'antar gine-gine masu dorewa.

Yayin da Kanada ke ƙoƙarin cimma burinta na yanayi, ana ƙara ganin gine-ginen sifili na carbon a matsayin dabaru mai mahimmanci³¹. Rahoton CAGBC ya nuna cewa saka hannun jari a sake fasalin ma'aikata zai zama mahimmanci don cika buƙatun fasaha na waɗannan gine-gine masu dorewa.³¹. Ta hanyar rungumar ƙira, kayan aiki, da fasahohi, gine-ginen koren Kanada suna kafa sabbin ka'idoji don kula da muhalli da kuma shimfida hanya don dorewar gaba.

"Ginayen koren Kanada ba wai kawai rage hayakin carbon ba ne har ma da samar da sabbin damar yin aiki a cikin gine-ginen gine-gine da masana'antar gine-gine mai dorewa."

Makomar gine-gine mai ɗorewa a Kanada yana ƙara zama mai ban sha'awa, tare da mai da hankali kan sifilin sifili da ƙirar gini mai sabuntawa. Sabbin sabbin abubuwa a cikin haɗin kai na makamashi mai sabuntawa, kayan gini na ci gaba, da fasahar gini mai wayo an saita su don fitar da ƙirar kore na gaba.³². Girman girmamawa akan jin daɗin mazauna da kuma tsarin halitta Ka'idoji kuma za su iya tsara ayyukan gine-ginen kore a nan gaba a fadin kasar³².

Masana'antar gine-ginen Kanada na ci gaba da samun ci gaba don dorewa, tare da yin amfani da Lafarge Kanada na amfani da kayan more rayuwa kamar karfe da aka sake yin fa'ida da siminti mai ƙarancin tasiri yana nuna gagarumin sauyi.³². Ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin samar da kankare, kamar amfani da ƙarin kayan siminti (SCMs), suna taimakawa haɓaka tattalin arziki madauwari da kuma rage hadadden carbon na ayyukan gine-gine³². Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin samar da siminti masu sane da muhalli, gami da rage abun ciki na clinker da sarrafa ƙarancin iskar gas mai ƙarancin iskar gas, suna raguwar hayaƙi da haɓaka ci gaba da dorewar ayyukan gini.³².

Haɗin matakan ingancin makamashi da sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi a cikin ayyukan gine-gine na Kanada yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke haifar da rage dogaro ga tushen makamashin burbushin mai tare da ba da gudummawa ga ƙaddamar da hayaki.³². Fasahar gini mai wayo da kuma Internet na Things Haɗin kai (IoT) yana haɓaka haɓaka haɓakawa da dorewa, rage yawan amfani da makamashi da haɓaka hanyoyin kiyayewa.³². Yayin da jama'ar Kanada ke ƙara fahimtar al'amuran muhalli, neman takaddun takaddun gini na kore kamar LEED ya zama fifiko ga ayyuka da yawa, tabbatar da dorewar takaddun shaida da haɓaka ayyuka masu inganci a cikin masana'antar gini.³³.

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3. Binciko manyan gine-gine 5 mafi dorewa na Kanada - Gine-ginen CFP Green - https://cfpgreenbuildings.com/news-and-cases/exploring-canadas-top-5-most-sustainable-buildings/
4. Dabarun Gine-ginen Green na Kanada: Canza sashin gine-ginen Kanada don ci gaba mai ƙarfi da juriya a nan gaba - https://natural-resources.canada.ca/transparency/reporting-and-accountability/plans-and-performance-reports/departmental-strategies/the-canada-green-buildings-strategy-transforming-canadas-buildings-sector-for-net-zer/26065
5. Takaddun shaida na ginin kore / tsarin ƙima – https://greenbuildingcanada.ca/green-building-guide/green-building-certifications-rating-systems-canada/
6. Jagora zuwa Kanada kore gini matsayin da certifications- https://www.bdc.ca/en/articles-tools/sustainability/climate-action-centre/articles/leed-energy-star-boma-best-more-guide-to-canadian-green-building-standards-certifications
7. An Bayyana Takaddun Takaddun Ginin Ginin Kanada - https://brightoncollege.com/blog/canadian-green-building-certifications-explained/
8. Binciko manyan gine-gine 5 mafi dorewa na Kanada - CFP - https://cfp.nl/en/news-and-cases/building-a-greener-future-exploring-canadas-top-5-most-sustainable-buildings/
9. Kyautar CAGBC na 2024 sun amince da shugabannin gine-ginen koren Kanada da ayyukan - https://www.cagbc.org/news-resources/cagbc-news/2024-cagbc-awards-recognize-canadian-green-building-leaders-and-projects/
10. 103. Barka da zuwa Cibiyar Mosaic: Babban ginin sifili na Kanada - Green Energy Futures - https://www.greenenergyfutures.ca/episode/first-net-zero-office-building
11. Cibiyar Musa ta farko - Stok - https://stok.com/case-study/primed-mosaic-centre/
12. Cibiyar Nazarin Sadarwar Sadarwa akan Dorewa - https://livinglabs.ubc.ca/projects/centre-interactive-research-sustainability
13. Ginin CIRS | Yawon shakatawa mai hulɗa da Gine-ginen itace! - https://woodtour.forestry.ubc.ca/cirs/
14. Cibiyar UBC don Binciken Sadarwa akan Dorewa - https://www.ecohome.net/guides/1574/ubc-lab-exceeds-leed-platinum-becoming-one-of-north-americas-greenest-buildings/
15. Nasarar Dorewa ta Rangers na Duniya: Kyakkyawan yanayi mai wayo - https://www.constructioncanada.net/the-sustainable-success-of-earth-rangers-a-really-smart-environment/
16. 9 Mafi kyawun Gine-ginen Kore a Toronto (Farashi & Tsare-tsaren bene) - https://precondo.ca/best-green-buildings-in-toronto/
17. Ziyarar Cibiyar Rangers ta Duniya 2014 - https://insightaas.com/earth-rangers-centre-tour-2014/
18. VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Center / Perkins&Will - https://www.archdaily.com/956788/vandusen-botanical-garden-visitor-centre-perkins-and-will
19. Cibiyar Baƙi ta Lambun Botanical VanDusen - https://perkinswill.com/project/vandusen-botanical-garden-visitor-centre/
20. 6 Takaddun shaida na LEED Ayyukan Toronto don dubawa - https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/6-leed-certification-toronto-projects-watch-archiroots-amy0e
21. Gine-gine 10 na Toronto don jin daɗi - MaRS Discovery District - https://www.marsdd.com/news/10-toronto-green-buildings-to-get-excited-about/
22. 10 na Kanada mafi ɗorewa gine-gine - RTF | Sake Tunanin Gaba - https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/sustainable-architecture/a3240-10-of-canadas-most-sustainable-buildings/
23. Sabbin dabarun gine-ginen kore don lalata da rage farashi - Jaridar Muhalli - https://environmentjournal.ca/new-green-buildings-strategy-to-decarbonize-and-decrease-costs/
24. Green ginin majagaba suna tsara hanyoyi masu gamsarwa don samun riba - https://www.nationalobserver.com/2024/07/25/analysis/green-building-pioneers-chart-persuasive-paths-profit
25. 5 daga cikin Mafi Kyawun Gine-gine Masu Dorewa a Duniya | Green City Times - https://www.greencitytimes.com/5-of-the-most-interesting-sustainable-buildings-in-the-world/
26. Abubuwan 7 na Green & Tsarin Gina Mai Dorewa | PSE Consulting Engineers, Inc. - https://www.structure1.com/7-components-of-green-buildings/
27. Sabuntawa a Tsarin Ginin Koren | Green City Times - https://www.greencitytimes.com/innovations-in-green-building-design/
28. Latsa: Fa'idodin ginin kore - https://www.usgbc.org/press/benefits-of-green-building
29. Amfanin ginin kore - https://www.cagbc.org/why-green-building/green-building-benefits/
30. Green gine-gine: 18 misalan gine-gine masu dorewa a duniya | CNN - https://www.cnn.com/style/article/green-buildings-world-sustainable-design/index.html
31. Gina hanyoyin magance yanayi - https://www.cagbc.org/why-green-building/building-climate-solutions/
32. Mahimman Hanyoyi a cikin Ayyukan Gina Dorewa don Ayyukan Kanada - https://www.lafarge.ca/en/key-trends-sustainable-building-practices-canadian-projects
33. Makomar Gine-gine Mai Dorewa a Kanada - https://www.superprof.ca/blog/discovering-green-canadian-architecture/