Biodiverzita v zastavanom prostredí

Globálne stavba priemyslu 40 % (alebo 3 miliardy kubických ton) surovín into the economy every year. It is arguably one of the most resource-intensive and environmentally damaging industries in the world. While the focus in the industry has primarily been around decarbonisation and reaching net-zero carbon built environments, we cannot ignore the impact construction is having on biodiverzita.

Construction projects have the potential, and too often do, impact on natural habitats, affecting wildlife and plant species. In addition to construction projects, the processes used to produce the raw materials are also affecting the biodiversity of the area.

Species extinction rates are soaring, with 28 % svetových živočíšnych a rastlinných druhov je v súčasnosti ohrozených vyhynutím. (2022) Alebo aby som to videl inak, je ich celkom Podľa Statista hrozí vyhynutie 42,108 XNUMX druhom.

Scientists are warning of an ongoing collapse of biodiversity, and threat of a “sixth mass extinction”. With more than half of the world’s population living in urban areas and urbanisation expected to reach 68% by 2050, significant areas of natural land and habitats are being removed. Combining the rise in extinction rates with the rise in urbanisation, cities are an essential factor in sustaining biodiversity.

V Brazílii, západnej Afrike a juhovýchodnej Ázii vidíme, ako sa mestské oblasti rýchlo rozširujú v rôznorodom prírodnom prostredí s deštruktívnymi dôsledkami pre biodiverzitu. Dôsledky vidíme aj v Spojenom kráľovstve. Správa od Hayhow a kol. (2016) ukázali, že medzi rokmi 56 a 1970 ubudlo 2013 % druhov v Spojenom kráľovstve a že biodiverzita v Spojenom kráľovstve je na tom horšie ako v mnohých iných krajinách.

Prečo je biodiverzita dôležitá?

Biodiverzita je skrátená forma dvoch slov „biologický“ a „diverzita“. Vzťahuje sa na všetku rozmanitosť života, ktorý možno nájsť na Zemi (rastliny, zvieratá, huby a mikroorganizmy), ako aj na spoločenstvá, ktoré tvoria, a biotopy, v ktorých žijú.

The natural environment provides the basic conditions without which humans could not survive. Ecosystem services are the benefits provided by ecosystems. These include providing food, water, timber, fibre, and genetic resources; regulating services such as the regulation of climate, floods, disease, and water quality as well as waste treatment; cultural services such as recreation, aesthetic enjoyment, and spiritual fulfillment and supporting services such as soil formation, pollination, and nutrient cycling.

Vláda Spojeného kráľovstva v roku 2008 uviedla , Že:

With everyday life dependent on ecosystem services, we need to do more to prioritise biodiversity and give it the regard it deserves, if we want to develop sustainable and healthy urban life.

While there is more action needed, there is progress being made in understanding the importance of biodiversity and the effect it is having in the construction industry. Singapore is transforming itself into a „Mesto v prírode“. This includes species recovery plans for 100 species of plants and 60 species of animals, and have each household within a 10-minute walk from a park. 

Svetové ekonomické fórum nedávno spustilo BiodiverCities do roku 2030 iniciatíva. V máji 2021 sa Spojené kráľovstvo stalo prvou krajinou, ktorá sa zaviazala k právne záväznému cieľ pre početnosť druhov do roku 2030.

In 2019, the UK Government announced that new developments would be required to demonstrate a 10% increase in biodiversity to gain planning approval. This “Biodiversity Net Gain” (BNG) is an approach to embed and demonstrate biodiversity enhancement within development.

Zahŕňa to prvé vyhnúť sa strate biodiverzity a následne ju minimalizovať as far as possible, and achieving measurable net gains that contribute towards local and strategic biodiversity priorities.  It becomes law in November 2023.

Čistý zisk biodiverzity – Vypočujte si najlepšieho britského environmentálneho právnika Bena Stansfielda 

Aký pokrok sa doteraz dosiahol?

Môže vybudované prostredie podporovať viacdruhové biotopy?

Fostering biodiversity and multi-species habitats can be achieved by creating habitat opportunities as part of new developments, protecting on-site habitats, and seeking to link them with others further afield. Biodiversity can be fostered by including planted roofs, green facades, roadside trees, together with larger green infrastructure like parks and wetlands. This will provide habitat for breeding, shelter and food for birds, pollinators and other animals. During the construction phase, components can be fabricated off-site to minimise the highly disruptive process for local fauna and flora. When it comes to brownfield sites, which feature rich ecosystems, biodiversity conservation is even more critical for developments.

Niektorí architekti a urbanisti stavajú biodiverzitu do popredia svojich návrhov. Jedným z takýchto príkladov je Stefano Boeri Architects. The studio is already transforming modern buildings into breathing organisms to regenerate urban biodiversity and ultimately mitigate climate change.

Sú za „vertikálnymi lesmi“ v rôznych mestách vrátane Nanjingu, Paríža, Milána, Eindhovenu, Utrechtu a Antverp. In each city, the Vertical Forest undergoes a dizajn iteration to tailor a unique design to its urban ecosystem. In Nanjing, the chosen plants are indigenous to the region and capable of absorbing 20 tonnes a year of CO2 and producing 10 tonnes a year of oxygen.

In the centre of Milan, the building is capable of absorbing 30 tons of CO2 a year. Not only does it absorb CO2, it also produces oxygen, absorbs the dust and other urban pollution, and the buildings feature rooftop photovoltaic panels, while greywater is reused as irrigation for the flora. 

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