Kuvhara Gap: Basa reUrban Design muSocial Equity

Munzvimbo dzemadhorobha dzakasimba dzezana ramakore rechi21, basa remaguta patani yave yakakosha zvikuru mukusimudzira kuenzana kwevanhu uye kugadzira nharaunda dzinosanganisira. Pfungwa ye "1/18 Hour Guta" yakajekesa chokwadi chechokwadi chakatarisana nedzimba zhinji dzine mari shoma uye nharaunda dzakasarirwa, uko kusingakwanisi kuwana zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji, dzimba dzinodhura, uye masevhisi akakosha anogona kusimudzira kutenderera kwekusaenzana nekukanganisa¹.

Zvisinei, maguta pasi rose vakaratidza kuti Strategic Investment in urban design inogona kudzika mapeji aya uye nekukurudzira mamwe akaenzana, akasimba, uye anogara nharaunda kune vese vagari. Kubva kuPortland, Oregon's 50% kuwedzera kwevatyairi vezvifambiso kuenda kuSan Francisco kugadzirwa kweanopfuura zviuru gumi zvedzimba zvinodhura.¹, iyi mienzaniso yakanaka inosimbisa mukana wekushandura wekufunga kuronga maguta uye dhizaini.

• Dhizaini yemadhorobha inoita basa rakakosha mukuumba maguta nekusimudzira kuenzana kwevanhu.
• Iyo "1/18 Hour Guta" pfungwa inoratidza zvinonetsa senge zvifambiso zvishoma zvevoruzhinji uye kuwana masevhisi akakosha munzvimbo dzinotambira mari shoma.
• Matanho akabudirira mumaguta akaita sePortland neSan Francisco anoratidza kukanganisa kwekudyara muzvifambiso zveveruzhinji uye dzimba dzinodhura.
• Community engagement, dzimba dzinodhura, kuwana chekufambisa, uye kubatanidza nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji inzvimbo dzakanyanya kutariswa pakugadzira zvakaenzana, nharaunda dzakasimba.
• Kubatanidza dhizaini yemadhorobha nemisimboti yekuenzana kwemagariro kunogona kuvhara maburi uye kugadzirisa mararamiro emaguta kune vese vagari.

Urban dhizaini chirango chakawanda chinosanganisira kuronga, kusimudzira, uye manejimendi emaguta kuti ave nechokwadi chekurarama, kuchengetedza, uye kuenzana kwevanhu². Inobatanidza akitekicha, kuronga, uye dhizaini yekuvaka kugadzirisa hunhu hwemamiriro ekunze pazvikero zvakasiyana, kubva kumigwagwa kuenda kumatunhu.². Maturusi edhizaini emumadhorobha akashandiswa zvinobudirira munzvimbo dzemudhorobha nekumaruwa kunze kwenzvimbo dzemudhorobha², kutamba basa rakakosha mukuita mabasa ekukura uye kuita zvakakosha kwezvivako mapurojekiti akanyanya kunangana nevanhu².

Dhizaini yemadhorobha inzira yekudyidzana inosanganisira zvakajeka, kuita sarudzo neveruzhinji kugadzira nzvimbo dzinosanganisirwa neveruzhinji, kusimudzira dzimba dzinodhura, nekuvandudza nzira dzekufambisa.². Iyo inosiyana kubva kune imwechete-mutengi master kuronga, sezvo dhizaini yemadhorobha inosanganisira akawanda zvinangwa zvevatengi vakawanda². Pamusoro pezvo, dhizaini yemadhorobha inofunga nezvekunzwa mhepo mvura nenzvimbo, kutaura nezvemaonero anoita vanhu uye nekudyidzana nenzvimbo dzavanogara².

Mamiriro enhoroondo ekugadzirwa kwemadhorobha anoratidza shanduko yawo kubva kumusoro-pasi kusvika kune imwe nzira yekudyidzana inosanganisira kuita nharaunda.². Kare, sarudzo dzekuronga maguta muUS, zvinosanganisira zvibvumirano zvinorambidza, kudzoreredza, uye mitemo yemubatanidzwa yedzimba, yakasimbisa rusaruraganda nemagariro nehupfumi.³. Izvi zvakakonzera nzvimbo diki, dzisina kuchengetwa zvakanaka munharaunda dzevashoma, zvichienderera mberi nekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye nemamiriro asina hutsanana.³.

Magadzirirwo emadhorobha anobudirira anogadzirisa kusaenzana kwenhoroondo uku uye anotarisa pakugadzira nzvimbo dzinoshandira vagari vese zvakaenzana². Nheyo dzakakosha dzinosanganisira kubata vakasiyana-siyana venharaunda, kunzwisisa zvinodikanwa munharaunda, uye dhizaini yekuchinjika uye kuchinjika³. Pamusoro pezvo, mapurojekiti edhizaini emumaguta anowanzo funga zvinokonzeresa pamiganho yeprojekiti nenzvimbo dzakakura, kugadzirisa zvinangwa zvedunhu uye chiyero.².

"Magadzirirwo ekugadzirisa madhorobha akabatsira mukuita mabasa ekukura uye kuita mapurojekiti makuru ezvivakwa zvakanyanya kunangana nevanhu."²

Dhizaini yemadhorobha inoita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira kuenzana kwevanhu munharaunda⁴. Social capital, pfungwa yakatanga kuunzwa muna 1916, inoreva network, zviwanikwa, uye hukama hunopa vanhu simba uye kukurudzira kubatana kwenharaunda.⁴. Dhizaini yemadhorobha inokoshesa kuenzana kwevanhu inogona kufambisa kuvakwa kwehupfumi hwemagariro, kugadzirisa nyaya dzakadai sekusaenzana kwedzimba, kusaenzana kwezvifambiso, uye kusaenzana kwekuwana mabasa akakosha.

Kuenzana kwemagariro mukuronga kwemaguta kunovimbisa kugovewa kwakanaka kwezviwanikwa, mikana, uye mabhenefiti kunhengo dzese dzenharaunda⁴. Vatsvagiri vakaita saPierre Bourdieu naJames Coleman vakasimbisa iyo kukosha yesocial capital mukugadzirisa kusaenzana kwehupfumi netsika⁴. Pamusoro pezvo, kudzikira kwehupfumi hwemagariro, sezvakataurwa mubhuku raRobert Putnam rekuti "Bowling Alone," rine zvarinoreva munharaunda. hupenyu hwakanaka uye kutsungirira.

Nzvimbo dzemudhorobha dzakagadzirwa zvakanaka dzinogona kukanganisa nharaunda, kukurudzira kudyidzana kwevanhu, kubatana, uye pfungwa yekuve wevamwe.⁴. Semuenzaniso, shanduko ye Times Square muNew York manzwiro kupinda munzvimbo inoshamwaridzana nevanofamba netsoka zvakakonzera kuwedzera kukuru kwekufamba kwetsoka uye kushamwaridzana kwevanhu⁵. Saizvozvo, kuvandudzwa kweDudley Street Neighbourhood muBoston kwaisanganisira kubatana kwakawanda kwenharaunda, zvichitungamira kune dhizaini ine simba, inotungamirwa nevagari.⁵.

Kubatanidza zvinotungamirirwa nenharaunda kukura kwemaguta misimboti muhurongwa hwekugadzira inogona kukonzera nzvimbo dzakaenzana uye dzinosanganisirwa dzinoratidza zvishuwo zvevagari.⁴. Iyi nzira, iyo inotarisa hunhu hwenzvimbo, mikana, uye kukosha, yakakosha kune dhizaini yemadhorobha yakagadzikana izvo zvinosimudzira hupfumi hwevanhu uye kugara zvakanaka kwenharaunda⁴.

"Dzaini yemadhorobha inogadzira nzvimbo nenharaunda uye nenharaunda, ichikurudzira kudyidzana, kubatana, uye pfungwa yekuve pakati pevagari." - Muongorori

Kuongorora hukama pakati pedhizaini yemadhorobha uye mari yemagariro inogona kuzivisa mamwe maitiro anoshanda anoenderana ne Sustainable Development zvinangwa⁴. Nekukoshesa kuenzana munharaunda mukuronga kwemadhorobha, vagadziri uye vanogadzira mitemo vanogona kugadzira nharaunda dzine simba, dzinosanganisira, uye dzakasimba dzinopa vagari vese simba.⁴⁵⁶.

Kusanganisira kuronga maguta inosanganisira kubatanidza nharaunda dzemunharaunda mukuita sarudzo. Maguta akaita sePortland akaita zvirongwa zvekudyidzana nenharaunda kuona kuti manzwi evagari anonzwika⁷. Kudyidzana kwevadavi kunounza pamwe maonero akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira ayo enharaunda dzakasarirwa. Kuita sarudzo kwakajeka kunovaka kuvimbana pakati pevanoronga nevagari, zvichiita kuti zvive nani⁷. Iyi nzira inobatsira kuona zvinodiwa nenharaunda uye zvinofarirwa, kuve nechokwadi chekuti sarudzo dzekuronga maguta dzinoratidza maonero akasiyana uye kukurudzira kuenzana kwevanhu.

Kuronga kwemaguta kunobudirira kunoda kutora chikamu nesimba kubva kunharaunda dzenzvimbo⁷. Vanoronga vanofanirwa kugadzira mikana yekuti vagari vagovane zvavanosangana nazvo, zvinovanetsa, uye zvishuwo zvekwavanogara⁷. Nekusimudzira nhaurirano dzakavhurika uye nekubatanidza mhinduro dzenharaunda, zvirongwa zvekuronga zvinogona kugadzirisa zvirinani zvidikanwi zvakasiyana zvevanhu vakasiyana.

Kusanganisira kuronga maguta zvinosanganisira kuunza pamwechete vakasiyana-siyana vane chekuita, kusanganisira masangano enharaunda, mabhizinesi, uye vanoita mitemo⁷. Iyi nzira yekudyidzana inobatsira kuona zvinangwa zvakagovaniswa uye kugadzira mhinduro dzakakwana dzinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvenharaunda.⁸. Matanho akaita seBarcelona's "Superblocks" chirongwa uye Medellín kudyara mukufambisa uye nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji anoratidza mabhenefiti ekubatana kwevatori vechikamu uye. budiriro yemaguta inotungamirwa nenharaunda.

Transparency mumadhorobha kuronga maitiro kwakakosha pakuvaka kuvimba uye kuve nechokwadi chemibairo yakaenzana⁷. Vanoronga vanofanirwa kutaurirana pachena nenharaunda, vachipa ruzivo rwakajeka nezvemaitiro ekuita sarudzo uye chikonzero chemashure avo⁸. Kujeka uku kunogona kubatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko akadai sekushaikwa kwekubatana kwenharaunda uye kumanikidzwa kubva kune zvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi, izvo zvinozotungamira kune inosanganisirwa uye yakagadzikana nharaunda dzemaguta.

Nokumbundira dhizaini inobatanidzwa uye budiriro yemaguta inotungamirwa nenharaunda, maguta anogona kugadzira nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinosanganisira uye dzakaenzana dzinoita kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinodiwa nevagari vawo⁷⁸.

Nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji dzakaenzana kwakakosha mukukurudzira kubatana kwevanhu uye kugara zvakanaka kwenharaunda mumadhorobha. Anofunga kugadzira nzvimbo kune zvakasiyana inogona kushandura nzvimbo dzisingasashandiswe kana kuregeredza kuita hubs dzine simba dzinoenderana nezvinodiwa nevagari vese, zvisinei nekwavanobva kana kugona kwavo.⁹.

Kugadzira mapaki anosanganisira uye nzvimbo dzekutandarira idanho rakakosha rekuona kuti vanhu vawaniswa zvakaenzana. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti nharaunda dzine mukana nzvimbo dzakasvibirira vane 15% yakaderera chiitiko che Hutano hwepfungwa nyaya⁹. Uyezve, nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji dzakagadzirirwa kusvikika dzakaratidza kuwedzera kwe12% mumigwagwa yetsoka, zvichiratidza huwandu hwemashandisirwo nehuwandu hwakawanda hwevanhu.⁹.

Kugadzira nzvimbo dzakachengeteka uye dzinogamuchirwa dzeveruzhinji kwakakosha mukusimudzira pfungwa yenharaunda uye yehukama. Kuita zvekuchengetedza maficha sekutarisa kwechisikigo kunogona kuderedza huwandu hwematsotsi ne25% munzvimbo yakatenderedza⁹. Pamusoro pezvo, nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji dzinosanganisirwa dzakawanikwa dzichiwedzera kubatana kwevanhu ne40% munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakasiyana.⁹.

Dhizaini ine kufunga inogona kuwedzera mikana yekudyidzana munharaunda uye kubatanidzwa kwenharaunda munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji. Nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji dzinoita zviitiko zvetsika dzinogona kukwidziridza kushanya kwenzvimbo kusvika ku30% panguva dzemwaka wepamusoro⁹, nepo nzvimbo dzemumadhorobha dzine zvinofambika zvekufambisa zveveruzhinji kuenda kumapaki nemaplaza dzaona kuwedzera kwe15% muzviitiko zvehupfumi mukati mehafu yemaira.⁹.

Nekukoshesa kuwanikwa, kuchengetedzwa, uye dhizaini yakatarisana nenharaunda, vagadziri vemaguta uye vagadziri vanogona kugadzira nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji dzinonyatsoenderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvevagari vese, zvichikurudzira pfungwa yekuve wevamwe uye kukurudzira kuenzana kwevanhu.¹⁰¹¹.

"Mapaki akagadzirwa zvakanaka anowanikwa, akajeka, echokwadi, anochinjika, uye anoshanda anogona kusimudzira midziyo yevavakidzani nekuvandudza hupenyu."¹⁰

Zvifambiso zvinosvikika uye zvakaenzana zvakakosha pakubatanidza vanhu kune akakosha masevhisi, mikana yemabasa, uye zviwanikwa zvenharaunda. Nehurombo, maguta mazhinji anotarisana nematambudziko pakupa zvekufambisa zvakavimbika uye zvinokwanisika, kunyanya munzvimbo dzisina kuchengetedzwa. Kugadzirisa nyaya iyi, vagadziri vemaguta vari kutsvaga mhinduro nyowani dzinoisa pamberi kuwanikwa uye kufamba kwakasimba.

Maguta ari kuwedzera kuisa mari muzvifambiso zveveruzhinji kuti awedzere kubatana uye kuwanikwa. Semuenzaniso, guta reLos Angeles riri kuita $2.1 bhiriyoni kuvaka iyo 8.5-mamaira Crenshaw-LAX yekubatanidza light rail network.¹². Saizvozvo, Eglinton Crosstown West yekuwedzera muToronto ipurojekiti inosvika mabhiriyoni mazana mana nemazana matanhatu emadhora ichasanganisira chiteshi chikuru chekufambisa muMount Dennis nharaunda, inotarisirwa kupeta kaviri huwandu hwevanhu mumakore makumi maviri kusvika makumi matatu anotevera.¹².

Kusimudzira nharaunda dzinofambika uye dzinofambiswa nemabhasikoro chimwe chinhu chakakosha chekusimudzira kuenzana kwezvifambiso. Chirongwa cheDestination Crenshaw muLos Angeles chirikudyara mari inodarika zana remamiriyoni emadhora kugadzira patsva chikamu chegiredhi renjanji yakareruka, zvichiita kuti ive inoshamwaridzana nevanofamba netsoka.¹². Saizvozvowo, Austin, Texas iri kuita madhora mabhiriyoni gumi nemazana matatu emadhora ekufambisa veruzhinji, Project Connect, iyo inosanganisira kuwedzera 10.3 zviteshi zvitsva zvekufambisa kuvandudza kuwanikwa uye kubatana muguta rese.¹².

Vagadziri vemaguta vari kutarisisawo kudzikisa zvipingamupinyi zvemuviri uye zvepfungwa kuti vawane mabasa ekufambisa. MuNew York City, dhizaini yenzvimbo dzesocial service inoita basa rakakosha mukupa kusiri kwekutonga kuwana kune zvakakosha zviwanikwa.¹³. Kugadzira nzvimbo dzinosanganisirwa dzinoenderana neakasiyana mazinga emari, mamiriro ebasa, mapoka ezera, uye kuzivikanwa kwevakadzi kunogona kusimudzira kuenzana kwevanhu uye kukurudzira vanhu kuti vashandise masevhisi aripo.¹³.

Nokubatanidza zvifambiso zveruzhinji, kunatsiridza kufamba uye bhasikoro zvivakwa, uye kuderedza zvipingamupinyi pakufamba, vagadziri vemaguta vanogona kugadzira kuwanikwa uye nharaunda dzakasimba izvo zvinopa kuwana kwakaenzana kune akakosha masevhisi nemikana kune vese vagari.

"Kugadzira nzvimbo dzinosanganisirwa neveruzhinji kunotungamira kune nani guta rose utano, zvichibatsira vagari vose.”

Dzimba dzinodhura chinhu chakakosha mukuenzana munharaunda mukuronga kwemadhorobha. Maguta mazhinji anonetsekana kupa nzvimbo dzakachengeteka uye dzinowanikwa dzekugara, kunyanya kumhuri dzine mari shoma. Nzira dzakadai se inclusionary zoning, izvo zvinoda Developers kubatanidza zvikamu zvinokwanisika mumapurojekiti matsva, zvakaratidza kushanda¹⁴. Somuenzaniso, muSan Francisco kushanda yenzvimbo inosanganisirwa yenzvimbo yakonzera kuti pave nepamusoro pegumi 10,000 dzimba dzinodhura¹⁴. Vagadziri vemaguta vanofanirwa kufunga kukwanisa kwekugara uye kuwanikwa kana uchironga zvitsva zvekusimudzira nharaunda dzinosanganisira uye dzakasiyana.

Dhizaini yemadhorobha inogona kuita basa rakakosha mukugadzirisa kusaenzana kwedzimba. Mamiriro matsva edzimba uye kuronga kwenharaunda kunofunga kunogona kubatsira kune zvakasiyana siyana zvevagari¹⁵. Vasingasviki 18% yedzimba dzekuAmerica dzine vabereki vakaroora vane vana, nepo vangangoita 28% yevanhu vari muUS vanogara vega.¹⁵. Vagadziri vezvivakwa uye vagadziri vanofanirwa kuongorora mamwe mamodheru edzimba kuti agadzirise aya anochinja maitiro ehuwandu uye kusimudzira hukuru hukuru hwemagariro.

Kugadzirisa dambudziko redzimba rinodhura kunoda nzira ine mativi mazhinji¹⁴. Iyo Roosevelt Island Housing Competition muna 1974 ine chinangwa chekuwedzera kaviri huwandu hwehuwandu hweiyo Low-Rise High-Density prototype, yakatarisana nekuwana kune yepasi, nzvimbo diki dzakavhurika, uye kukurudzira nharaunda.¹⁴. Pamusoro pezvo, zvirongwa zvakaita se "New Housing New York" Nhaka Makwikwi eprojekiti muna 2006 vakatsvaga kugadzirisa zvisingakwaniriswe zvinodiwa zvedzimba mumaguta kuburikidza nehunyanzvi uye. dhizaini inogadzikana solutions.

Kune mienzaniso inokurudzira yezvirongwa zvakabudirira zvedzimba zvinofambiswa nemisimboti yedhizaini yemadhorobha¹⁴. Pakati pa1969 na1975, Chief of Architecture kuNew York State Urban Development Corporation akatarisa kuvakwa kwedzimba dzemhuri dzinopfuura 33,000.¹⁴. Uyezve, Marcus Garvey Park Village muBrownsville, Brooklyn, yakagadziridzwa muna 1972, yairatidza kusimba kwenzvimbo dzekugara makumi mashanu neshanu paeka, yakakwira zvishoma pane yakavakidzana ine nhurikidzwa gumi nenomwe.¹⁴. Mapurojekiti aya anoratidza kugona kwekugadzirwa kwemaguta kunogadzira nzvimbo dzakaenzana uye dzinosanganisirwa veruzhinji.

"Mhando dzedzimba dzakasiyana-siyana dzinogona kukwezva huwandu hwakawanda hwevagari, senge dzimba dzemarudzi mazhinji uye vanogadzira."¹⁵

Kuenzana munharaunda mukugadzira dhizaini kunosanganisira kugadzira dzimba dzakanaka uye dzinodhura, nharaunda dzakachengeteka, uye nzvimbo dzinowanikwa veruzhinji.¹⁵. Nekuisa pamberi pemisimboti iyi, vagadziri vemaguta vanogona kubatsira mukusimudzira kuenzana uye maguta akasimba.

Nzvimbo dzemumaguta dzine mukana wakakura wekusimudzira nharaunda dzakagadzikana uye dzakaenzana, uye chinhu chakakosha mukutsvaga uku kubatanidzwa kwe girinhi nzvimbo. Aya maoasi echisikigo mukati me inovakwa nharaunda kupa hupfumi hwezvakanaka, kubva pakuvandudza air quality kuwedzera hutano hwepfungwa uye hwemuviri¹⁶. Nekudaro, kugovaniswa uye kuwanikwa kweaya akakosha nzvimbo dzakasvibira kazhinji hadzina kuenzana, nenzvimbo dzine mari shoma dzinowanzova nenzvimbo shoma dzakadaro.¹⁷.

Kuvapo kwenzvimbo dzakasvibirira mumaguta kunogona kuita zvakanyanya pahutano uye kugara zvakanaka kwevagari¹⁶. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kufurirwa kune muzvarirwo inogona kuderedza kushushikana, kugadzirisa mafungiro, uye kukurudzira kubatana kwevanhu¹⁶. Uyezve, nzvimbo dzemadhorobha dzakasvibira kuita basa rakakosha mukuderedza kupisa kwemaguta Chiitiko chechitsuwa, chiitiko apo maguta anowanzo kupisa madhigirii mashoma kupfuura nzvimbo dzakatenderedza¹⁷.

Kuwana kururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza mukugadzirwa kwemadhorobha kunoda nzira yakazara inoisa pamberi pemaitiro ekugadzirisa magadzirirwo. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuiswa kwakarongeka kwemapaki, kushandiswa kwe green infrastructure, uye kubatanidzwa kwe masikirwo-based solutions¹⁷. Nekunyatsotarisisa zvinhu zvakaita semamiriro ekunze, geography, uye kupihwa kwemvura, vanoronga maguta vanogona kugadzira nzvimbo dzakasvibira dzinenge dziri nharaunda uye magariro.¹⁷.

Rimwe rematambudziko akakosha mukusimudzira kururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza kuve nechokwadi chekuwanikwa kwakaenzana kunzvimbo dzakasvibira¹⁷. Tsvagiridzo yakaratidza kuti nzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro uye nharaunda dzevachena dzinowanzo kuve nenzvimbo dzakasvibira, senge dzimba dzekugara dzine mayadhi uye migwagwa ine miti, nepo nharaunda dzakadzokororwa munhoroondo kazhinji dzisingakwanisi kuwana izvi zvakakosha zviwanikwa.¹⁷. Kugadzirisa kusawirirana uku kwakakosha mukugadzira nharaunda dzakagadzikana, dzinosanganisirwa dzinopa vagari vese mukana wekuona mabhenefiti ezvisikwa.¹⁸.

Nekuisa pamberi penzvimbo dzakasvibira uye dzakasimba dhizaini maitiro, vanoronga maguta vanogona kuita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira. nharaunda dzakasimba nekusimudzira nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji dzakaenzana. Iyi nzira yakazara haingowedzere nharaunda yemuviri chete asi inosimbisa kubatana kwevanhu uye inotsigira kugara zvakanaka kwevose vagari.¹⁶.

“Budiriro inoenda mberi haingori nharaunda chete. Ndezvekuita kuti pave nehupenyu huri nani kumunhu wese, iko zvino uye kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera. "

Kugashira kusiyana kwetsika kwakakosha pakugadzira nharaunda dzinosanganisirwa uye dzine simba. Kubatanidza nhaka yenzvimbo uye kuzivikanwa munzvimbo dzemadhorobha kunobatsira kuchengetedza pfungwa yenzvimbo uye kukurudzira hukama hwakadzama pakati pevagari nenzvimbo dzavanogara.¹⁹. Public art inoita basa rakakosha mukupemberera nhoroondo yenharaunda nehunhu, zvichibvumira kuwanda kwezviratidziro zveunyanzvi zvinopindirana nemapoka akasiyana.¹⁹.

Dhizaini yemadhorobha inobudirira inopemberera kusiyana-siyana kazhinji inosanganisira kudyidzana kwepedyo nevatambi venzvimbo uye nhengo dzenharaunda¹⁹. Iyi nzira yekubatana inoita kuti maonero akasiyana uye zvidikanwi zvevagari vese zvinotariswa, zvichitungamira kune nzvimbo dzinoratidza zvechokwadi kupfuma kwetsika dzenzvimbo.²⁰. Nekuvaka kugona kwetsika, vagadziri vemaguta vanogona kunzwisisa zvirinani uye kubatanidzwa nevanhu vakasiyana, kugadzirisa kusaenzana kwehurongwa uye nekusimudzira kuvimbana pakati pevanoronga nenharaunda.²⁰.

Kubatanidza nhaka yenzvimbo uye kuzivikanwa mukugadzirwa kwemadhorobha inzira ine simba yekuchengetedza kusiyana kwetsika uye kukurudzira pfungwa yekuve wevamwe. Nekukwevera kurudziro kubva munhoroondo dzakasiyana, tsika, uye mataurirwo enharaunda, vagadziri vemaguta vanogona kugadzira nzvimbo dzinoenderana nevagari uye nekupemberera hunhu hwavo hwakasiyana.

Hunyanzvi hweveruzhinji hunoita basa rakakosha mukumiririra kusiyana kwetsika dzenharaunda¹⁹. Murals, zvivezwa, uye kumwe kuisirwa kwehunyanzvi kunogona kuratidza nyaya, zviratidzo, uye tsika dzemapoka etsika dzakasiyana, kusimudzira kubatana kwevanhu uye kudada kwekugovana pakati pevagari.¹⁹. Uyezve, hunyanzvi hweveruzhinji hwakasiyana-siyana hunogona kukwezva vashanyi vanofarira ruzivo rwakasiyana rwetsika, kuwedzera kushanya nekusimudzira hupfumi.¹⁹.

Kubudirira dhizaini yemadhorobha inopemberera kusiyana-siyana kazhinji inosanganisira kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemagariro enharaunda uye kuda kushandira pamwe nevanobatanidzwa munharaunda.²⁰. Nekubatanidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana tsika nemagariro, vagadziri vemaguta vanogona kugadzira nzvimbo dzinogamuchira, dzinosanganisira, uye dzinoratidza hunhu hwakasiyana hunoita kuti nharaunda ive ine simba uye ine simba.

"Kugadzira siyana hakungori kweaesthetics - ndezvekugadzira nzvimbo dzinopa nhengo dzese dzenharaunda kuti vanzwe vachionekwa, kunzwiwa, uye kukosheswa."

Kubatanidzwa kwekumiririra tsika mukugadzirwa kwemaguta inhanho yakakosha pakuvaka maguta akaenzana uye anosanganisira. Nekugamuchira hupfumi hwakasiyana-siyana hwenharaunda, vagadziri vemaguta vanogona kugadzira nzvimbo dzinopemberera kusarudzika kuzivikanwa uye zviitiko zvevagari vese, zvichisimudzira pfungwa yekuve vega uye kusimbisa magariro enharaunda.¹⁹²⁰.

Munzvimbo inokurumidza kushanduka yedhizaini yemadhorobha, tekinoroji inoita basa rakakosha mukuumba mamwe maguta akatarisana nevanhu uye anowanikwa. Musika wepasi rose wehunyanzvi hwemadhorobha matekinoroji unofungidzirwa kuti uchapeta kaviri kubva paUS$116 bhiriyoni kusvika kuUS$241 bhiriyoni pakati pa2020 naXNUMX. 2025²¹, zvichisimbisa kukura kukosha yebudiriro yetekinoroji mukuronga kwemadhorobha nebudiriro. Zvakadaro, zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekuti hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji uhu hunosimudzira kuenzana kwevanhu pane kuwedzera kusaenzana kuripo.

Pfungwa ye 'smart maguta' yatora fungidziro yevagadziri vemitemo nevatambi vemaindasitiri nekuda kwezvivimbiso zvaro mukugadzirisa matambudziko akabatana munzvimbo dzemudhorobha.²¹. Asi, nyanzvi dzomumaguta dzakatsoropodza dzakaratidza izvozvo ngwara guta nganonyorwa dzinowanzo ratidza tekinoroji seyakanakira veruzhinji nepo, mukuita, dzichishanda kusimbisa kusaenzana.²¹. Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, iyo yakakosha musimboti wekupindirana inofanirwa kubatanidzwa muzvirongwa zvinotungamirwa nevagari kurwisa smart urbanism kuputsa zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinotsigira izvi zviratidzo.²¹.

Kushandiswa zvishandiso zvemadhijitari uye nzira dzekuongorora dhata mukuronga kwemadhorobha dzinobvumira kuvimba kukuru uye kukwezva kune vanoisa mari²², ukuwo uchizivisa zvimwe zvakaenzana kuita sarudzo. Nekushandisa ruzivo rwunofambiswa nedata, vagadziri vemadhorobha vanogona kuona nzvimbo dzinodiwa uye kuronga nzira dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana munharaunda. Kuronga kwemadhorobha kwakasimba mhinduro, dzakadai sekusimudzira zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji uye nzira dzakareruka kana dzemagetsi dzekufamba, dziri kuderedza traffic muzvirongwa zvitsva uye kuwedzera kuwanika.²².

Kuve nechokwadi chekusanganisirwa kwedhijitari munzvimbo dzemumaguta kwakakosha kubatanidza kupatsanurwa kwedhijitari uye kusimudzira kuwana kwakaenzana kune zvinofambiswa nehunyanzvi. Matanho akadai sekupa Wi-Fi yemahara munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji kana kuita zvirongwa zvekuverenga nedhijitari zvinogona kubatsira kusimbisa nharaunda dzisina kuchengetedzwa. Uyezve, kubatanidzwa kwe tekinoroji mukati mezvivakwa zvemaguta, sekuonekwa mukati maguta ngwara seDubai, inogona kuvandudza hupenyu, kuwedzera kutaurirana, uye kukurudzira kubatana pakati pevagari vese²².

Sezvo vagadziri vemadhorobha vanofambisa basa rekushanduka retekinoroji mukuumba maguta edu, zvakakosha kukoshesa dhizaini yakatarisana nevanhu uye. kuwanikwa mumaguta. Nekusimudzira ruzivo rwunofambiswa nedata, kusimudzira kubatanidzwa kwedhijitari, uye kusimudzira kuenzana munharaunda, dhizaini yemadhorobha inogona kushandisa simba retekinoroji kugadzira nharaunda dzemaguta dzinosanganisirwa uye dzine simba kune vese.²³.

"The kudzidza inotsigira kuti maguta ave epamberi kwetekinoroji uku achikurudzira kudyidzana munharaunda uye zvisungo zvenharaunda, achisimbisa kukosha kwekubatanidza matanho ekuvanzika uye kugadzira nzvimbo dzemumaguta dzinosanganisirwa."

Kuongorora maitiro epasirese emapurojekiti ekugadzira madhorobha kwakakosha pakuona kushanda kwawo mukusimudzira kuenzana kwevanhu. Nekumisikidza akasimba metrics ekuyera budiriro, maguta anogona kuteedzera ese ari maviri dhata, sekuwedzera kwekuwana zvifambiso zveveruzhinji uye kudzikiswa kwemitengo yedzimba, pamwe nekuongorora kwemhando, sekuvandudzwa kwehupenyu uye kugutsikana kukuru munharaunda.²⁴.

Nzira dzemhinduro dzenharaunda, dzakaita seongororo uye maforamu eruzhinji, dzinopa ruzivo rwakakosha muzviitiko zvepa-pasi zvevagari. Aya maturusi ekuita anobvumira vanoronga maguta kuti vanzwisise zvinorarama zvenharaunda dzenzvimbo uye kuita sarudzo dzekugadzira dzinogadzirisa zvavanoda zvechokwadi²⁵.

Quantitative metrics yekuongorora dhizaini yemadhorobha inogona kusanganisira data pamashandisirwo ekufambisa kwevanhu, kuwanikwa kwedzimba dzinodhura, kufamba, uye kuwanikwa kwegirinhi nzvimbo.²⁴. Kuongororwa kwehunhu, kune rumwe rutivi, kunogona kujekesa magariro uye manzwiro emapurojekiti aya, kutora maonero enharaunda nezvekuchengetedza, kubatanidzwa, uye hupenyu hwese hwehupenyu.²⁵.

Kuita vagari venzvimbo kuburikidza neongororo, mapoka ekutarisa, uye maforamu eruzhinji kwakakosha kuti unzwisise mhedzisiro yekugadzirwa kwemaguta munharaunda dzakasiyana. Iyi mhinduro inogona kuzivisa kudzokororwa kwedhizaini, kuve nechokwadi chekuzvidavirira, uye kukurudzira pfungwa yevaridzi pakati pevanhu vanozopedzisira vaona nharaunda yakavakirwa.²⁵.

Kuongorora zvidzidzo zvebudiriro yemadhizaini emadhorobha, seBus Rapid Transit system muBogotá kana mutemo wenzvimbo inosanganisirwa wenzvimbo muSan Francisco, zvinogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha kune mamwe maguta ari kutsvaga kushandisa nzira dzakaenzana. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti dhizaini ine kufunga, kubatana kwenharaunda, uye kupindira kwemitemo kunogona kugadzira nzvimbo dzinogarika, dzinowanikwa, uye dzinongogarisana mumaguta.²⁴.

"Kudyidzana nenharaunda kunoonekwa sekiyi yekugadzira nzvimbo dzakabudirira uye dzinogara dzine mhedzisiro inosvika kure."²⁵

Nekuisa pamberi pemhinduro yenharaunda, kuyera huwandu hwemetrics ebudiriro, uye kudzidza kubva kune akanakisa maitiro, maguta anogona kuona kuti hurongwa hwavo hwekugadzira maguta hune chinangwa uye hunogara. kukanganisa kwemagariro. Iyi nzira yakazara yekuongorora mhedzisiro yakakosha pakugadzira nharaunda dzakaenzana, dzinosanganisirwa, uye dzakasimba.²⁴²⁵.

Ramangwana rekugadzirwa kwemaguta riri kuwedzera kukoshesa kusimudzira kuenzana kwevanhu uye nharaunda dzakagadzikana. Maitiro matsva, senge green infrastructure, musanganiswa-wekushandisa zviitiko, uye matekinoroji emuguta akangwara, ari kuumba nharaunda dzemudhorobha dzinosanganisirwa uye dzakasimba²⁶. Vagadziri vemaguta vari kuisa kukoshesa kukuru mukusimudzira maguta akasimba, vachitarisa kushanda nesimba uye ushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza²⁶. Kukura kwekukosha kwekusimba mukuronga kwemaguta kunogadzirisa matambudziko akakosha senge kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye kusaenzana kwehupfumi, kuve nechokwadi chekuti maguta anogona kumira uye kupora kubva mukuvhiringidzwa nemazvo.

²⁶ Masvingo egirini uye matenga ari kuwedzera kushandiswa munzvimbo dzemaguta kuti kuwedzere kunaka kwemhepo uye kuderedza kupisa kwechitsuwa mumaguta.²⁶. Smart grid tekinoroji inoshandiswa kune zvakanyanya kushanda uye simba risingaperi masisitimu mukuronga kwemadhorobha, uku²⁶ kubatanidza tekinoroji mukugadzirwa kwemadhorobha kuri kukura, zvichigonesa kuvandudzwa kwemaguta akangwara kuti awedzere kurarama uye kushanda nesimba²⁶. Musanganiswa-kushandiswa kusimukira kuri kuitika kugadzira nharaunda dzine simba uye dzakasiyana, kubatanidza dzimba dzekugara, dzekutengeserana, nenzvimbo dzeveruzhinji, zvichikurudzira kudyidzana munharaunda nemikana yehupfumi.

Maguta akaita seDallas ari kugadzira nzira dzekusimbaradza dzakanangana nekufambisa kwakaenzana, kuwanikwa kwehutano, uye kusimba kwehupfumi kugadzirisa matambudziko anokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kusawirirana kwemagariro nehupfumi.²⁶. Kusimba mukuronga kwemadhorobha kwakakosha kuti maguta akwanise kumira nekuvhunduka uye kupora zvakanaka kubva kunjodzi kana kukanganisa, kuve nechokwadi chekugara zvakanaka kwevagari vese.²⁶. Kugadzira zvakare zvivakwa zvekare kunobatsirawo kuchengetedza nhaka yetsika uye kukurudzira kukura kwehupfumi, kusimbisa kusimba kwenharaunda dzemumaguta.

Chiono chemaguta anogarika, akaenzana chinosanganisira kugadzira nzvimbo dzemumaguta dzinosvikika, dzinosanganisirwa, uye dzinoita zvinodiwa nevagari vese, zvisinei nemagariro avo nemagariro kana maitiro ehuwandu hwevanhu.²⁶. Iko kukoshesa kwekugadzira nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji kuri kuwedzera kugadzira maguta anosanganisirwa uye ane simba, kusimudzira pfungwa yenharaunda uye yehukama.²⁶. Dzimba dzinodhura dzinoramba dziri dambudziko rakakosha kune vanogadzira maguta kuti vape maguta anosanganisirwa uye anosvikika, kugadzirisa kusawirirana mumatunhu emaguta uye kuve nechokwadi chekusimudzira nharaunda dzakaenzana uye dzinosanganisirwa.

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