Maguta Asina Nguva: Magadzirirwo eUrban Dhizaini Inochengetedza Nhoroondo Ichiri Kumbundira Shanduko

Hunhu hwe a guta nhema hadzisi dzemazuva ano chete akitekicha kana kuti migwagwa ine vanhu vakawanda, asi mumucheka wakaoma kunzwisisa wejira rayo romuguta. Mucheka uyu, wakarukwa neshinda dzenhoroondo, tsika, uye utsanzi, inoumba chimiro nekuzivikanwa kwenzvimbo. Urban patani inoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza zvakapfuura uchichinjira kune zvazvino uye zvemangwana zveguta¹.

Munyika yose, maguta vari kuratidza kufunga kuronga maguta inogona kudzikamisa dzikamo pakati pekuchengetedza nhaka yenhoroondo uye kugamuchira budiriro yemazuva ano. Kubva kuBarcelona's modernist masterpieces kuenda kuSingapore Sustainable infrastructure, vagadziri vemaguta vari kutsvaga nzira itsva dzekubatanidza dzekare nedzitsva, vachigadzira nzvimbo dzine simba, dzinogara dzinokudza zvakapfuura asi vachizadzisa zvinodiwa nemazuva ano.¹.

Enzaniso yeguta semushonga mukuru une simba, kune shinda imwe neimwe - ingave chivakwa chenzvimbo, nzvimbo yeruzhinji ine ruzha, kana network yemigwagwa inoshamwaridzana nevanofamba netsoka - yakarukwa zvine mutsindo mujira rakakura remudhorobha. Kunzwisisa uye kuremekedza iyi dandemutande yakaoma yezvinhu kwakakosha kumaguta ari kutsvaga kuitika kubudirira kwakasimba, kuve nechokwadi chekuti nhoroondo yakapfuma uye kuzivikanwa kwetsika kwenzvimbo hazvirasikirwe mukutsvaga kufambira mberi¹.

• Urban design inoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza nhaka yeguta uku ichienderana nezvinodiwa zvemazuva ano.
• Maguta epasirese ari kuratidzira nzira itsva dzekubatanidza dzekare nedzitsva, dzichigadzira nzvimbo dzine simba, dzinogara.
• Kunzwisisa machira emudhorobha akaomesesa kwakakosha pabudiriro inogara ichiremekedza hunhu hweguta.
• Kuronga kwemaguta kunofungwa kunogona kudzikamisa pakati pekuchengetedza zvakapfuura nekugamuchira kufambira mberi kwemazuva ano.
• Enzaniso yeguta semushonga mukuru unoratidza kubatana kwezvinhu zvemudhorobha zvinoumba chimiro chenzvimbo.

Dhizaini yemadhorobha ibasa rakawanda rinosanganisa hunyanzvi, sainzi, uye nhoroondo kuumba nzira yatinoona nayo maguta edu.². Kutsvaga mabviro ayo kubva kumagariro ekare seRome neGreece, ndima yekuronga maguta yakashanduka kwemazana emakore, ichipindura kukuchinja kuri kuita nharaunda.³. Ichi chikamu chinotarisa munhoroondo dzekare dzakagadzira dhizaini yemaguta, ichijekesa kuti zvakapfuura zvinozivisa sei zvazvino neramangwana remaguta edu.

Pakati payo, dhizaini yemadhorobha ihunyanzvi hwekugadzira uye kuumba nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji, kubva pakati pemaguta ane chipatapata kuenda kunzvimbo dzakanyarara. Inosanganisira kuronga, dhizaini, uye manejimendi eiyo inovakwa nharaunda, nechinangwa chikuru chekusimudzira hupenyu hwevagari vemumaguta². Ichi chirango chinokwevera pamhando dzakasiyana dzezvirango, kusanganisira zvivakwa, landscape architecture, civil ouinjiniya, uye kuronga kwemadhorobha, kugadzira nzvimbo dzemadhorobha dzakabatana uye dzinoshanda.

Iko kushanduka kwekugadzirwa kwemaguta kwakaumbwa nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana uye maitiro emagariro enguva dzakasiyana³. Munguva yepashure pehondo, semuenzaniso, yakanangana nemotokari kuronga guta zvakakonzera kuwanda kwemotokari uye mhepo kusvibiswa, kuratidza kudiwa kwemaitiro akasimba uye akatarisana nevanhu². Saizvozvo, chirongwa cheHigh Line muNew York City chakaratidza kudzoreredzwa kwekusiiwa kwezvivako inogona kushandura nzvimbo dzemumaguta uye kukurudzira munharaunda kubatanidzwa². Pasi rese, maguta akaita seMedellín, Colombia, aratidza simba rehurongwa hwekugadzira maguta ekuvandudza hupenyu hwevagari vawo.².

Sezvo maguta ari kuramba achikura uye nekushanduka, dhizaini yemadhorobha inoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirisa matambudziko akaomarara, kubva mukusaenzana munharaunda uye kushomeka kwedzimba kusvika. kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo². Nekukwevera kurudziro kubva munhoroondo dzakaitika uye kujairana nezvido zvemazuva ano, vanoronga maguta nevagadziri vanoyedza kugadzira nharaunda dzemudhorobha dzine simba, dzinogarika, uye dzine tsika dzakapfuma dzinochengetedza kukosha kwenhaka yeguta uku vachimbundirana nezvinodiwa nenyika yanhasi.

"Magadzirirwo emadhorobha haangoite chimiro cheguta, asi nezve mashandiro arinoita uye ruzivo rwaanosikira vagari varo."

Kuchengetedza kunokosha ku kuvandudzwa kwemaguta, kuchengetedza hunhu hweguta rakasiyana uye nhaka nepo zvichienderana nekukura uye shanduko⁴. Urban kuchengetedza zvinosanganisira kuchengetedzwa nekuchengetedzwa kwenhoroondo, tsika, uye zviwanikwa zvekuvaka munzvimbo dzemumaguta, zvinosanganisira zvivakwa, nzvimbo dzemumigwagwa, nharaunda, uye nzvimbo dzakasikwa⁴. Iyi nzira yakazara inotarisisa kuchengetedza matunhu ese kwete zvimiro zvega, zvichipa ruzivo rwenzira dzekare dzehupenyu uye nhoroondo. kukosha.

⁴ Adaptive kushandiswa zvakare, maitiro makuru mukuchengetedza maguta, anosanganisira kudzoreredza zvivakwa zvekare kuti zvishandiswe patsva uchichengetedza kukosha kwazvo kwenhoroondo.⁵. Kugadziridzwa kwezvivakwa zvekare kuti zvishandiswe zvakare kunoda kushanda nesimba pane zvekushandisa zvakanyanya, zvichipa mamwe mabasa⁵. Kuchengetedza kwemaguta kunogonawo kuchengetedza kusvika ku50 muzana pamutengo wekuvaka chivakwa chitsva⁵. Iyi chiyero chemazuva ano uye nhaka inogona kumutsiridza yakaora nzvimbo dzekutengeserana dzemaguta, kukwezva vagari vane mari yepamusoro uye mabhizinesi matsva.⁵.

⁴ Zvidzidzo zvemapurojekiti ekuchengetedza madhorobha akabudirira anosanganisira kudzoreredzwa kweOld Town yeQuito, kushandiswa zvakare kweGasometer muVienna, kuvandudzwa kweBattersea Power Station muLondon, kumutsiridza nharaunda yeEl Born muBarcelona, ​​uye kuedza kuchengetedza muguta rekare re Yazd⁶. Washington, DC zvakare ine nhoroondo yakasimba yekuchengetedzwa kwenhoroondo, ine makumi manomwe ematunhu enhoroondo uye anopfuura makumi matatu emunharaunda nharaunda dzakasarudzwa senzvimbo dzenhoroondo.⁶. Kuenzanisa kuchengetedzwa kwenhoroondo zvinodiwa nezvido zvinokwikwidza se dzimba dzinodhura, kugadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze, uye miitiro yekuvaka yepamusoro-soro yakakosha mukuronga kwemaguta kunobudirira.

⁴ Iyo Conservation Management Plan izano rakazara rinotungamira kuchengetedzwa kwakasimba uye kuchinjika kwenhaka dzakavakwa.⁴. Kubatanidzwa kwemichina mitsva yakadai BIM uye zvinyorwa zvedhijitari zviri kuwedzera kuwanda mumapurojekiti ekuchengetedza madhorobha kubatsira mukunzwisisa zviri nani uye kutonga zvivakwa zvenhoroondo⁴. Kubatana kwenharaunda kwakakosha mumadhorobha kuedza kuchengetedza, kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo nezvinokosha zvinorangarirwa mumapurojekiti okuchengetedza.

“Kuchengetedza kwakakosha pakugarisa kukura kwemaguta, kuchengetedza hunhu hweguta rakasiyana nenhaka nepo zvichibvumira kukura nokuchinja.”

Iyo yakavakwa mhepo mvura nenzvimbo yemaguta edu tapestry yakarukwa neshinda dzenhoroondo, imwe neimwe yekuvakisa rondedzero yakasarudzika iyo yakaumba mamiriro emudhorobha. Kubva pahukuru hwezvinoshamisa zveVictorian kusvika kune minimalism yeModernist mafambiro, aya madhizaini akasiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki pane yedu. Architectural heritage.

Nguva yeVictorian, kubva panguva yekutonga kwaMambokadzi Victoria kubva 1837 kusvika 1901, yakaona kukura kwezvitaera zvekuvaka zvinoramba zvichitikwezva nhasi.⁷. The Stonehenge muAmesbury, United Kingdom, kubvira 2,400 BCE, uye Silbury Hill muWiltshire, United Kingdom, yakapedzwa munguva yekupedzisira yeNeolithic, mienzaniso miviri yekuvapo kusingagumi kwezvivakwa zvenhoroondo mumadhizaini emadhorobha.⁷. Zvivako zvihombe izvi, zvakashongedzwa, zvine hudzamu hwazvo hwakaoma kunzwisisa uye shongedzero dzazvo, zvave zvakafanana nekuzivikanwa kwetsika dzemaguta mazhinji, zvinoshanda sechiedza chenguva yakapfuura.

Mukupesana zvikuru nerunako rweVictorian, mafambiro eModernist ekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 akakurudzira shanduko huru kune kureruka nekushanda.⁸. Chikoro chekugadzira cheBauhaus, chakavambwa mukati Jerimani muna 1919, yakatsigira nzira yeminimust inoisa pamberi chimiro uye kushanda pamusoro pekushongedza zvinhu⁸. Ichi chakapfava, chinoshandisa chimiro chakasiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki padhizaini yemadhorobha, iine zvivakwa zvemifananidzo zvakaita seBauhaus-Archiv muBerlin uye Villa Savoye muPoissy, Furanzi, yakamira sezvipupuriro zvekusingaperi pesvedzero yeModernist architecture.

Macathedral mahombe uye zvivakwa zvakanaka zvevagari zvakashongedzwa nematombo akaoma kunzwisisa uye maspire anokwira zvagara zviri chinhu chinotsanangudza mumaguta mazhinji eEurope.⁹. Stonehenge mukati England, prehistoric ibwe denderedzwa, inoratidza yekare kuvaka unyanzvi uye zvakavanzika, nepo dzimba dzokugara dzemawere dzakafanana nedzomuMesa Verde, Colorado, dzinoratidza kare-kare. dhizaini inogadzikana miitiro⁹. Basilica yeSt. Sernin muToulouse, France, yakavakwa pakati pe1070 na1120, inomira sechipupuriro chekukwezva kusingagumi kwezvivakwa zveGothic, maberere ayo akapinza uye mbabvu dzinoshamisa uye dzinoshamisa kune vese vanoiona.

Aya masitaera ekuvaka, imwe neimwe iine hunhu hwayo uye kukosha kwenhoroondo, yave yakabatana zvisingaite nekuzivikanwa kwemaguta avanogarwa. Nekuchengetedza nekubatanidza aya madhizaini ekuronga kwemazuva ano emadhorobha, isu hatingoremekedzi zvekare asi zvakare kugadzira yakapfuma tapestry yenhaka yekuvaka iyo icharamba ichikurudzira uye inokwezva zvizvarwa zvinotevera.

Sezvo maguta achishanduka, kuchengetedza tsika Nhaka nepo uchimbundikira kuvandudzwa kwemaguta kunova chiyero chakapfava. Mazano matsva anobatanidza nhoroondo munzvimbo dzemazuva ano dzemumadhorobha akakosha pakuchengetedza nhaka yeguta uye kukurudzira pfungwa yekuzivikanwa kwenharaunda. Nzira mbiri dzakakosha dzinomira pachena: kushandiswa zvakare kwezvivakwa zvekare uye kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvenhoroondo mune zvitsva.

Iko kushandiswa zvakare kwezvivakwa zvekare chishandiso chine simba muurban planner's toolkit. Nokurongazve zvivako zviripo, maguta anogona kufema hupenyu hutsva munhaka yavo yekuvaka uku achidzikisa iyo kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza yekuvaka kutsva¹⁰. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro yeMetrocable muMedellín, Colombia yakabetsera mukuderedza mwero woutsotsi munharaunda dzaichimbova dzine utsotsi hwakakwirira.¹⁰, nepo kuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo dzeveruzhinji muLas Condes, Santiago yakavandudza zvitoro nekuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwetsoka.¹⁰. Kugadziriswazve kwe Traditional Medicine uye Herb Market muDurban, South Africa zvakakonzera kukura kwakakosha kwehupfumi, mamiriro akachengeteka, uye kuwedzera mikana yevatengesi.¹⁰.

Kubatanidza zvinhu zvenhoroondo muzvivakwa zvitsva zvemudhorobha zvinogona kugadzira musanganiswa unowirirana wekare nezvitsva, kuchengetedza nhaka yeguta uku uchienderana nezvido zvemazuva ano.¹¹. Zvivakwa zvenhoroondo uye nzvimbo dzinoita basa rakakosha mukukurudzira kurangarira pamwe nekuchengetedza tsika nemagariro munzvimbo dzemumaguta¹¹. Mapurojekiti ekuchengetedza dzimba anodhura anokwirisa zvivakwa zviripo kudzikisa mitengo yekuvaka uye kugadzirisa nyaya dzekugona kwedzimba¹¹. Mumwe muenzaniso unozivikanwa ndeye Council House 2 muMelbourne, Ositireriya, iyo yakagamuchira nyeredzi nhanhatu Girinhi Nyeredzi chiyero muna 2005 nokuda kwekugadzirwa kwayo kwakasimba uye kuchinja panharaunda yakapoteredza¹⁰.

Nekugamuchira mazano aya, maguta anogona kuvhura kugona kwakazara kweavo kuvandudzwa kwemadhorobha uye nhaka yetsika, kugadzira nzvimbo dzakasimba, dzenhoroondo, uye dzakasimba dzinopa zvido zvevagari nevashanyi¹⁰¹¹.

Kuchengetedza nhoroondo yemaguta harisi basa revanoronga maguta nevagadziri; zvinoda kushanda nesimba kwenharaunda¹². Madhizaini emudhorobha anoshandisa nzira yakajeka, yeruzhinji yekuita sarudzo kuti abatanidze nhengo dzenharaunda muhurongwa hwekugadzira¹². Iyi nzira yekudyidzana inovimbisa kuti yakasarudzika hunhu uye nhaka yenzvimbo inoremekedzwa uye inopembererwa mukugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzemadhorobha dzemazuva ano.

Kubudirira kwezvirongwa zvekugadzira madhorobha zvinochengetedza nhoroondo zvinoenderana nekubatanidzwa zvine musoro kwevagari venzvimbo uye vane chekuita nenharaunda¹². Nekubatanidza maonero uye zvido zvevanhu vanogara, vanoshanda, uye vanobudirira munzvimbo idzi dzenhoroondo, vagadziri vemaguta vanogona kugadzira zvigadziriso zvinoenderana nenharaunda uye nekukudza nhaka yayo.¹³. Tsvagiridzo yakaitwa neAmerican Planning Association inoratidza hukama hwakanaka pakati pemhando yemadhorobha uye nharaunda hupenyu hwakanaka¹³.

Pasi rese, kune mienzaniso inokurudzira yemapurojekiti edhizaini emaguta akabudirira kusanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwenhoroondo nezvido zvemumaguta zvemazuva ano¹³. Imwe nyaya yakadai ndeyekushandurwa kwerwizi rweDetroit, uko vagari veko vakabatana nevagadziri vemaguta kuti vamutsidzire nzvimbo iyi vachichengetedza nhaka yeindasitiri.¹³. Mhedzisiro yacho inzvimbo ine simba, inosvikika yeruzhinji inopemberera zvakapfuura guta ichipa hub ine simba yenharaunda yemazuva ano.

Mumwe muenzaniso unokosha ndewoMutsetse Wepamusoro muNew York City, paki yavose yakavakwa pachitima chakasiiwa chakakwirira.¹³. Iyi purojekiti, inotungamirwa neboka renharaunda, yave muenzaniso wepasi rose wekugadzirisa zvakare kushandiswa uye kubatanidzwa kwezvivakwa zvekare munzvimbo inobudirira yeruzhinji.¹³. Zvidzidzo izvi zvinoratidza simba rekuita kwenharaunda mukuumba dhizaini yemadhorobha inochengetedza zvakapfuura uchimbundikira ramangwana.

“Kubudirira kwekugadzira maguta kunoda kuti nharaunda itore chikamu. Nekungoteerera manzwi evagari venzvimbo iyi ndipo patinogona kugadzira nzvimbo dzinokudza zvechokwadi nhoroondo nehunhu hwenzvimbo. "

- Jane Jacobs, ane mukurumbira murwiri wemadhorobha uye munyori

Tekinoroji yakashandura munda wekuchengetedza nhoroondo mukugadzirwa kwemaguta. Digital kudzoreredza matekiniki ikozvino inobvumira iyo chaiyo kuvakazve uye kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo dzakarasika dzenhoroondo uye zvigadzirwa¹⁴. Kubatanidzwa kwe AI mukuvaka uye kuchengetedza kwenhoroondo kunogonesa kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa kana maguta akarasika kune nhoroondo¹⁴. Japan inoshanda semuenzaniso wepamusoro, inonyatso kuwiriranisa nhaka yetsika nehunyanzvi tekinoroji, ichiratidza kuenzana pakati pezviviri izvi.¹⁴. Kumbundira tekinoroji kwakagonesa kusanganiswa kweramangwana nekare, kuchengetedza nhaka yetsika kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera.¹⁴.

Tekinoroji dzehunyanzvi dziri kushandura nzira yatinosvika nayo pakuchengetedza nhoroondo¹⁵. Kuvaka Ruzivo rweModeli (BIM), laser scanning, uye 3D kudhinda kwakawedzera huchokwadi uye kugona kwekudzoreredza zvivakwa zvekare.¹⁵. Laser scanning inopa yakadzama 3D modhi yekuongorora mamiriro ezvivakwa uye kuronga kudzoreredza basa, nepo 3D kudhinda kunogonesa kudzokororwa chaiko kwezvinhu zvekuvaka kugadzirisa zvivakwa zvakakuvadzwa.¹⁵. Drones dzakashongedzerwa nemakamera epamberi uye ma sensors anopa akadzama emuchadenga, achibvumira kusinga pindike kuongororwa kwenzvimbo dzenhoroondo.¹⁵. Virtual uye Augmented Reality tekinoroji inowedzera kuwedzera kuonesa mumapurojekiti ekuchengetedza uye kuita veruzhinji.

Kubatanidzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira madhorobha kwakashandurawo nzira yatinotarisira nayo nekuchengetedza nhaka yetsika¹⁶. Maguta akachenjera shandisa tekinoroji yedhijitari uye mhinduro dzinofambiswa nedata kusimudzira hupenyu hwevagari uye nekuvandudza kushanda kwesevhisi¹⁶. The Internet Zvinhu (IoT), data hombe, uye chakagadzirwa njere (AI) vanoshandirwa kubata zviwanikwa, zvekufambisa, zvivakwa, uye masevhisi eruzhinji munguva chaiyo, ukuwo vachitsigira kuchengetedzwa kwenhaka yetsika.¹⁶. Tekinoroji dzepamberi senge 3D scanning, photogrammetry, uye chaiyo chaiyo (VR) inogona kunyora nekuchengetedza tsika dzenhaka nzvimbo, ichipa inopindirana uye inonyudza zviitiko kune vashanyi.¹⁶. IoT sensors inogona kutarisa zvimiro utano, mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, uye traffic yevaenzi kufanotaura uye kudzivirira kukuvadzwa, nepo huru data analytics inozivisa data-inotungamirwa kuita sarudzo mukuchengetedza nhaka.¹⁶.

Basa retekinoroji mukuchengetedza tsika inobvumira kuchengetedza uye kudzokororwa kwezvimiro zvenhoroondo, kukurudzira pfungwa yenharaunda uye tsitsi pakati pezvakasiyana kwakasiyana.¹⁴. Mapurogiramu emitauro uye matura epamhepo anobatsirawo kuchengetedza tsika dziri mungozi, kuve nechokwadi chekuti tapestry yakapfuma yenhoroondo yedu yakagovaniswa inochengeterwa zvizvarwa zvinotevera.¹⁴.

"Tekinoroji yakashandura nzira yatinosvika nayo pakuchengetedza nhoroondo, zvichitibvumira kuvandudza zvimiro zvakarasika, kunyora nhaka yetsika, uye kuita nharaunda munzira itsva uye dzinonyudza."

Mitemo inoshanda yakakosha kuchengetedza nhaka yakapfuma yenhoroondo mukati menzvimbo dzemaguta. Mitemo yeZoning uye runyorwa rwenhaka inoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza nzvimbo dzakakosha dzenhoroondo uye kuona kuti budiriro yemadhorobha inoremekedza uye inozadzisa machira ekuvaka aripo.¹⁷. Zvakare, kuwana mari yakakwana yemapurojekiti ekuchengetedza kwakakosha mukuchengetedza uye kudzoreredza hunhu hwenzvimbo idzi dzinokosheswa dzemaguta.¹⁷.

Maguta kutenderera pasirese akaisa marongero akasiyana siyana enzvimbo uye zvirongwa zvekuronga nhaka kuchengetedza magariro avo emudhorobha.¹⁸. Semuyenzaniso, Guta reBerkeley muUnited States rine Landmarks Preservation Ordinance, yakavambwa muna 1974, iyo inobvumira kudomwa kwezvivakwa zvine mucherechedzo uye ongororo yezvikumbiro zvemvumo yekuchinja, kuvaka, kana kuputswa mumatunhu ane nhoroondo.¹⁸. Iyi nzira yakazara inovimbisa kuti yakasarudzika yekuvaka hunhu hweguta inochengetedzwa, kunyangwe ichiramba ichishanduka uye ichienderana nezvinodiwa zvemazuva ano.

Kuwana mari yakakwana kwakakosha kune vakabudirira kushanda yezvirongwa zvekuchengetedza maguta¹⁷. Hurumende, masangano akazvimirira, uye masangano epasi rese anowanzo kupa zvipo uye rubatsiro rwemari kutsigira kudzoreredzwa nekuchengetedza zvivakwa zvenhoroondo, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hwemadhorobha hwakakwana hunobatanidza zvinhu zvenhaka.¹⁷. Iyi mikana yemari inogonesa makanzuru kuisa mari mukuchengetedza kwenguva yakareba nhaka yemaguta, vachiona kuti inoramba iri chikamu chine simba uye chakakosha chekuzivikanwa kweguta.

“Kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo dzekare dzemudhorobha inyaya yakakomba kuchengetedza nhaka yetsika. "¹⁷

Sezvo maguta epasirese ari kunetsekana nematambudziko ekukurumidza kukura kwemaguta uye budiriro, kudiwa kwemitemo yakasimba uye nzira dzemari dzekutsigira dhizaini yemadhorobha zvave kuwedzera kuoneka.¹⁷. Nekuita chiyero pakati pekuchengetedza zvakapfuura uye kugamuchira ramangwana, vanogadzira mitemo nevarongi vemaguta vanogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti nhaka yakapfuma yemaguta edu inoramba ichipembererwa uye yakabatanidzwa mumararamiro emazuva ano emudhorobha.¹⁷.

Kuchengetedza hupfumi hwenhoroondo dzemaguta zvinounza matambudziko makuru sezvo nzvimbo dzemumaguta dzichinetsana nemakwikwi ebudiriro nekuchengetedza nhaka.¹⁹. Maguta nenzvimbo dzemumaguta ndiwo anonyanya kumiririrwa marudzi enhaka paWorld Heritage List, achisimbisa kukosha kuchengetedza nzvimbo idzi dzinokosheswa¹⁹. Zvakadaro, kukurumidza kusimuka kwekugara kwemadhorobha, nepamusoro pe54% yevagari vepasi rose vanogara munzvimbo dzemadhorobha kubva muna 2016 uye kuwedzera kuri kutarisirwa kuenderera, kunyanya munyika dzine mari yepakati nepakati, zvinounza kudzvanyirira kukuru kune nhoroondo dzemadhorobha.²⁰.

Nyaya yekuchengetedzwa kwenhaka pamwe nekusimudzirwa kwemaguta inowanzokonzera dambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika, vezvematongerwo enyika vachiona kuchengetedzwa kwenhaka sechimhingamupinyi mukusimudzirwa kweupfumi hwenyika.²⁰. Kuenzanisa kudiwa kuri kuwedzera kwemaguta nekuchengetedzwa kwenhaka yetsika kunopa dambudziko rakakura, sezvo kuyedza kuyananisa izvi zvinonyanya kukwikwidza zvinotarisana nemaguta mazhinji pasi rose.²⁰. Chido chekufambira mberi uye zvechizvino-zvino zvinogona kutungamirira mukuputswa kwezvivakwa zvenhoroondo, sezvinoonekwa munyaya yeBattambang, Kambodhiya, uko zvivakwa zvenhaka zve800 zvakambobatanidzwa mu'Nzvimbo Yekuchengetedza Nhaka'.²¹.

Dzvinyiriro dzehupfumi panzvimbo dzenhoroondo ndechimwe chinhu chakakosha mukuchengetedzwa kwenhaka yemaguta¹⁹. Maguta eWorld Heritage ari pakati peWorld Heritage Properties ayo anoonekwa kazhinji mumishumo yekuchengetedzwa, zvichiratidza matambudziko avanotarisana nawo.¹⁹. MuBattambang, kudzikira kwekushandiswa kwekugara uye zvitoro zvechinyakare mukati meNzvimbo Dziviriro Yenzvimbo, pamwe nekuwedzera kunoshamisa kwekushandiswa kwekutengesa kune chinangwa chekukwezva vashanyi, kunoratidza kunetsana kuri pakati pekuchengetedza hunhu hweguta uye kutora mari panhaka yaro kuti iwane hupfumi.²¹. Kunyange kushanya kwenhaka kuine mukana wekusimudzira hupfumi hwenzvimbo, kunogona zvakare kutungamira mukusimudzirwa uye kutamiswa kwevagari venguva refu, zvichiwedzera kutyisidzira huchokwadi hweiyo nhoroondo yemadhorobha.²⁰.

Kugadzirisa matambudziko aya kunoda nzira ine mativi mazhinji inodzikamisa zvido zvebudiriro yemaguta nekuchengetedzwa kwenhaka yetsika. Magadzirirwo matsva, seaya anotsigirwa neMORROW, kambani inotarisana nekuronga maguta nekuchengetedza nhaka, iyo inosimbisa kubatanidzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwenhaka yemaguta mune yakakura Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) kusimudzira hupenyu hwevagari uye kusimudzira budiriro yehupfumi, inopa zvinovimbisa. nzira dziri mberi²¹.

Sezvo maguta ari kuramba achishanduka, kuchengetedzwa kwehunhu hwavo hwenhoroondo uye kuzivikanwa kwavo kunoramba kuri chinhu chakakosha pamberi. Nekufambisa kupindirana kwakaoma pakati pebudiriro nekuchengetedza, vanogadzira mitemo nevarongi vemaguta vanogona kuona kuti nhaka yekare haina kurasika, asi kuti yakarukwa zvisina musono mujira remangwana.

Sezvo maguta ari kuedza kuenzanisa kuchengetedzwa kwenhaka yavo yenhoroondo nezvido zvebudiriro yemazuva ano, nzvimbo shoma dzemumaguta dzakabuda semienzaniso inopenya kuchengetedzwa kwenhaka yemumaguta kwakabudirira uye kugadzirwa kwenhoroondo yemadhorobha²². Aya maguta akaita mazano anobatanidza zvisina mutsetse ekare neatsva, achishanda sezvidzidzo zvinokurudzira zvemamwe makanzuru pasi rose.

Guta reScottish reEdinburgh chiratidzo chekugarisana kwakanaka kwekare neazvino. Guta rekare rekare reguta, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, inozvirumbidza yakachengetedzwa yakachengetedzwa medieval dhizaini uye inofananidzira nzvimbo dzakadai seEdinburgh castle neRoyal Mile.²³. Zvichakadaro, chivakwa chemazuva ano cheNew Town, chakagadzirwa muzana ramakore rechi 18, chinozadzisa zvimiro zvenhoroondo, zvichigadzira nzvimbo inoyevedza yemadhorobha. Kuzvipira kweEdinburgh kuchengetedza nhaka yekuvaka uku ichimbundira dhizaini yemazuva ano kwaita kuti ive muenzaniso unopenya we kuchengetedzwa kwenhaka yemumaguta kwakabudirira.

Guta reSpain rine mukurumbira reBarcelona rinozivikanwa nekuzivikanwa kwaro kwezvivakwa, zvakanyanya kupesvedzerwa nemabasa emuono aAntoni Gaudí.²². Guta rakaedza pamwe chete kuchengetedza nekudzoreredza zvisikwa zvaGaudí, zvakaita seSagrada Familia, Park Güell, uye Casa Batlló, vachiona kuti kugadzirwa kwenhoroondo yemadhorobha inoramba ichikwezva vashanyi uye vagari zvakafanana. Kuzvipira kweBarcelona kuchengetedza nhaka yaGaudí uku ichiibatanidza zvisina mutsetse munzvimbo yemazuva ano yemadhorobha yakasimbisa mukurumbira wayo semutungamiri mumaguta. kuchengetedzwa kwenhaka yemumaguta kwakabudirira.

Serimwe remaguta ekare anogara achigarwa pasi rose, Roma yakatarisana nedambudziko rakasiyana rekuwiriranisa nhoroondo yayo yekare nezvido zvemazuva ano. kugara mudhorobha²⁴. Guta rakashandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzaro dzakawanda dzenhoroondo, dzakadai seColosseum, iyo Roman Forum, uye Pantheon, uku ichibvumirawo budiriro yakadzikama uye kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvemazuva ano zvekuvaka. Kudzikama kweRome pakati pekuchengetedza nhaka yakapfuma yetsika uye kujairana nezvido zveguta remuzana ramakore rechi21 inoshanda semuenzaniso kune mamwe maguta ari kunetsekana nekuoma kwekuchengetedza nhaka yemaguta.

Izvi zvidzidzo zveEdinburgh, Barcelona, ​​neRome zvinoratidza kuti kubudirira kwekuchengetedza nhaka yemaguta uye kugadzirwa kwenhoroondo yemadhorobha hazvisi zvinangwa zvakasiyana²²²³²⁴. Nekugamuchira maitiro akazara anokoshesa zvakapfuura tichigamuchira zvazvino, maguta aya akave mabhenefiti ekurudziro kune vanoronga maguta nevagadziri vemitemo pasi rese, achiratidza kugona kukuru kwekubatanidza kuchengetedzwa kwenhoroondo nebudiriro yemadhorobha.

Mamiriro ekugadzirwa kwemadhorobha uye kuchengetedzwa kwenhoroondo ari kuita shanduko, sezvo maguta ari kutsvaga kuenzanisa zvinodiwa zvebudiriro yechizvino-zvino nekuchengetedza nhaka yavo yakapfuma yezvivakwa. Mafungiro ari kusimukira senge "guta remaminetsi gumi neshanu," iro rine chinangwa chekugadzira nharaunda dzinozvimiririra uko zvakakosha zviri mukati mechinhambwe chipfupi, zvinounza zvese zvinonetsa uye nemikana yekuchengetedza zvakapfuura.²⁵.

Sezvo nyika inowedzera kuita maguta, kukosha kwekubatanidza zvisina mutsetse zvinhu zvemazuva ano muzvirongwa zvenhoroondo kwakakosha kupfuura kare.²⁵. Smart guta zvirongwa, izvo zvinosimudzira tekinoroji kusimudzira kurarama uye kuchengetedza, zviri kuratidza kuti zvakakosha mukuchengetedza kukosha kwenhaka yemaguta. Nekubatanidza matekinoroji ekushandisa simba muzvivakwa zvekare, maguta anogona kuderedza avo kabhoni tsoka apo uchichengetedza kuvimbika kwekuvaka kwekare²⁵.

Uyezve, kukura kwekusimbisa kwekugadzirisa kushandiswa zvakare, uko zvivakwa zvekare zvinoshandurwa kuita nzvimbo dzemazuva ano, zvinopa mhinduro yakasimba inokudza yakapfuura ichigadzirisa zvinodiwa nezvino.²⁶. Iyi nzira haingodzikisi kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza nekuputsa uye kuvaka kutsva asiwo inopa mikana yenzvimbo dzakachipa-mutengo, kukurudzira nharaunda dzakasiyana uye dzinosanganisirwa.²⁶.

Kuchengetedza nhaka yemudhorobha yezvizvarwa zvinotevera kunoda nzira ine mativi mazhinji, inosanganisira dzidzo, tekinoroji, uye hunyanzvi hwekuchengetedza.²⁷. Engaging nharaunda dzemunharaunda mudhorobha kuronga maitiro kwakakosha, sezvo ichivimbisa kuti akasiyana hunhu uye nyaya dzenzvimbo dzenhoroondo dzinoremekedzwa nekupembererwa²⁵. Pamusoro pezvo, hurongwa hwekuchengetedza hwakakwana hunobatanidza kutariswa kwenhaka mumatongerwo enzvimbo zvinogona kusimbisa kushanda kwenguva refu kwenhaka yemaguta.²⁷.

Sezvo maguta ari kuramba achishanduka, remangwana remagadzirirwo emaguta uye kuchengetedzwa kwenhoroondo riri mukuenzanisa kwakaringana pakati pekuremekedza zvekare nekumbundikira ramangwana. Nekushandisa tekinoroji, kukurudzira kubatana kwenharaunda, uye nekuita maitiro akasimba, maguta anogona kuchengetedza iwo akasiyana hunhu achienderana nekuchinja kuri kuita nzanga yemazuva ano.²⁵²⁶²⁷.

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