Episode 36: Harvard & Columbia University Muzvinafundo Julia Watson Anotsanangura Zvatinofanira Kudzidza Kubva Kubva Kuzvivakwa Zvechivanhu
Julia Watson, Mugadziri, muratidziri, mudzidzi, uye munyori we Lo—TEK Dhizaini neRadical Indigenism
Imwe yemabatiro atakachengetera vateereri ibvunzurudzo naJulia Watson….inowanikwa pazasi uye pane yako yaunofarira podcast chiteshi kubva Chipiri 19 Chikunguru.
Julia is a leading expert of Lo—TEK nature-based technologies for climate-resilience. Her eponymously named studio brings creative and conceptual, interdisciplinary thinking to patani mapurojekiti uye makambani anofarira musystemic uye inoenderera shanduko.
Julia Watson ane mukurumbira munyori wenhoroondo wezvivakwa asi anonyanya kuzivikanwa nebasa rake rakatenderedza Indigenous Architecture.
Julia Watson munyori wenhoroondo wezvivakwa ane mukurumbira uye munyori wemabhuku akati wandei nezvenhoroondo yezvivakwa. Ndiye purofesa paYunivhesiti yeTexas kuAustin uye akadzidzisa kuHarvard University, Yale University, uye Columbia University. Julia Watson ndomumwe wenyanzvi dzinotungamira pasirese panhoroondo yezvivakwa uye akaburitsa zvinyorwa zvakawanda nemabhuku nezvenyaya iyi.
Iye ane chiremera chinoremekedzwa zvikuru pamusoro penyaya uye basa rake rinoremekedzwa zvikuru nevezera rake. Julia Watson izwi rakakosha mumunda wenhoroondo yekuvaka uye basa rake rakakosha kuverenga kune chero munhu anofarira chidzidzo.
Chii chinonzi Indigenous Architecture?
Indigenous architecture ishoko rinoshandiswa kutsanangura mavakirwo echinyakare evanhu veMarudzi. Zvivakwa zvechivanhu zvinoratidzwa nekushandisa kwayo zvinhu zvakasikwa, kubatana kwayo nenyika, uye kutarisa kwayo munharaunda.
Vagadziri vezvivakwa zvechivanhu vanowanzo batanidza zvinhu zvetsika yavo mumagadzirirwo avo, senge nyaya, zviratidzo, uye mhemberero. Zvivako zvechivanhu hazvisi zvekare chete asiwo nezvezvazvino neramangwana.
Vagadziri vezvivakwa zvechivanhu vari kushandisa ruzivo rwavo kugadzira zvivakwa zvinogoneka izvo zvinobvumira vanhu veIndigenous kuchengetedza tsika dzetsika dzavo uku vachichinjira kune inoshanduka nyika yakavatenderedza.
Nekubatana zvakare nenhaka yavo yekuvaka, vanhu veMarudzi vari kugadzira ramangwana rakajeka ivo uye nepasi.
Lo-TEK
Kudzidza kubva kuIndigenous Wisdom uye Ecological Symbiosis.
ngovepo
Munguva ino yekunyanyisa kwehunyanzvi hwepamusoro uye mamiriro ekunze, tiri kunyura muruzivo uku tichishuva uchenjeri. Pinda Lo-TEK, dhizaini yekufamba inovaka pahuzivi hwechivanhu uye zvivakwa zvechivanhu kuti igadzire yakagadzikana, inosimba, yakasarudzika-yakavakirwa tekinoroji. Vagadziri vanopindura kumatambudziko arikumberi, vanogona kunge vari kufungidzira kwakadzama-kwakavakirwa madhorobha typologies anogona kusimudzira kukura, uko hunyanzvi hwekuzvarwa hunosanganiswa nezvinhu zvemazuva ano uye. kuvaka techniques. From the scale of the module, to the structure, to the infrastructure, and ecosystem, indigenous wisdom and ecological symbiosis can be reimagined to reduce density, rebuild diversity and shrink both the individual and urban footprint. Spanning 18 countries from Peru to the Philippines, Tanzania to Iran, Lo—TEK explores millennia-old human ingenuity on how to live in symbiosis with nature.
A-view-over-the-sacred-Mahagiri-rice-terraces
Kubva mungano dzechiGiriki, kureva nyaya-yavanhu, ngano yakatungamirira vanhu kwezviuru zvemakore. Makore mazana matatu apfuura, nyanzvi dzeEuropean Enlightenment dzakagadzira ngano yeruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu. Kupesvedzerwa nekubatana kwehumanism, colonialism, uye rusaruraganda, ngano iyi yaifuratira huchenjeri hwenzvimbo uye hunyanzvi hwechivanhu, ichiiona sechinyakare. Kutungamirira uku kwaiva maonero oruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwaifarira kutema masango uye kutorwa kwezviwanikwa. Ngano yakapa simba Age of Industrialization yakazvitsaura kubva kune yakasarudzika masisitimu, ichifarira huni nemoto.
Kusvika pakuenderana neramangwana risina chokwadi uye kutarisana nezviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze izvo zvisingagoni kufanotaurwa uye kutadza kwe ecosystem isingagone kumiswa, vanhu vane basa rekugadzira mhinduro dzekuchengetedza renje rinosara, uye kushandura budiriro yatinovaka.
Nhasi, nhaka yengano iyi inotitambudza. Kufambira mberi nekurasikirwa kwepasi kwakaunza nguva yeAnthropocene - nguva yedu yazvino ye geological inoratidzwa nekukanganisa kusingarambiki kwevanhu pamusoro pezvakatipoteredza pachiyero chePasi. Charles Darwin, nyanzvi uye nyanzvi yezvakasikwa uyo anoonekwa samuvambi wedzidziso yemhindumupindu, akati “kutsakatika kunoitika zvishoma nezvishoma,” asi zvikamu makumi matanhatu kubva muzana zvezvakasiyana-siyana zvezvipenyu zvenyika zvakanyangarika mumakore makumi mana apfuura.1 Kusvika pakuenderana neramangwana risina chokwadi uye kutarisana nezviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze izvo zvisingagoni kufanotaurwa, kutsakatika kwemarudzi kusingagone kusungwa, uye kutadza kwe ecosystem kusingagone kumiswa, vanhu vane basa rekugadzira zvigadziriso kuchengetedza renje rinosara, uye kushandura budiriro isu. kuvaka. Patiri kunyura muNguva ino yeRuzivo, tiri kufa nenzara yehuchenjeri. Chete chidimbu chetekinoroji yaivepo panguva yeChiedza ndiyo yakakosheswa uye kufudzwa kusvika parizvino. Zvichakadaro, imwe ngano yetekinoroji yanga iinesu kubva kare pamberi peChiedza. Izvo hazvibvumirwe, zviripo kumagumo ePasi, nevabatsiri vayo vachionekwa sevasiri kwemazana emakore. Nepo nzanga "dzazvino" dzaiyedza kukunda zvisikwa muzita rekufambira mberi, tsika dzechivanhu idzi dzaishanda nazvo.
Tekinoroji dzechivanhu hadzina kurasika kana kukanganwika, dzinongovigwa nemumvuri wekufambira mberi munzvimbo dziri kure kwazvo pasi pano. Nepo nzanga ichikoshesa uye ichichengetedza zvivakwa zvetsika dzakafa, senge maPiramidhi ane zviuru zvina zvemakore eGiza, avo vevapenyu vanodzingwa, senge hunyanzvi hwemakore zviuru zvitanhatu ezvitsuwa zvinoyangarara zveMa'dan mu. nzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba dzeIraq. Kuwedzera zvikonzero zvekugadzirwa kwakajairika, Lo—TEK isangano rinoongorora tekinoroji isingazivikanwe yemuno, ruzivo rwechinyakare ecological (TEK), tsika dzechivanhu, uye ngano dzinopfuudzwa senziyo kana nyaya. Kusiyana nehomogeneity yenyika yanhasi, indigeneity inogadziridzwa sekuwedzera kwekushanduka kwehupenyu musymbiosis nemasikirwo.
Radical indigenism inotaura nezvekuvakwa patsva kwezivo uye inoongorora huzivi hwechivanhu hunokwanisa kuunza nhaurirano itsva.
Hove Damu, mufananidzo. Nekuda kwaJulia Watson.
Yakagadzirwa naPrinceton Purofesa uye mugari weCherokee Nation Eva Marie Garoutte, radical indigenism inopokana nekuvakazve kwezivo uye inoongorora huzivi hwechivanhu hunogona kugadzira nhaurirano nyowani.2 Pfungwa ye radical indigenism inotora zita rayo kubva muchiLatin kubva pashoko rekuti "radical": radix, zvinoreva "mudzi". Dhizaini neiyo radical indigenism inofungidzira kufamba kunovaka patsva kunzwisiswa kwehuzivi hwechivanhu maererano nedhizaini kuti iunze zvivakwa zvinogoneka uye zvinokwanisa kugadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze. Lo-TEK inotitungamira kune imwe ngano yetekinoroji. Imwe inosimudzira humanism ine radical indigenism.
Munda wekugadzira uri panguva yakakosha, uchikura kutarisana nezvinetso zvakaoma zvinoda mhinduro dzakasimba uye dzinoenderana. Nekuparara kwezvakatipoteredza uye nzanga kwave kuda kuitika mumakumi emakore anotevera, dhizaini pamharadzano yeanthropology, ecology uye innovation ndiyo nhaurirano inonyanya kunetsa yenguva yedu.3 Ngano itsva inobvuma Lo-TEK yakakosha kufambisira mberi kugarisana kwemunhu nemasikirwo.
Nepo ruzivo rwesainzi ruchionekwa sechokwadi chakakosha, chokwadi ingano inogara ichishanduka.
Nepo ruzivo rwesainzi ruchionekwa sechokwadi chakakosha, chokwadi ingano inogara ichishanduka. Kusiyana neizvi, nzanga yedu inofuratira zvitendero zvechivanhu zvemweya sengano, kunyangwe zvichifukidza mireniyamu-kare, inoshingirira ruzivo rwezvakatipoteredza. Kusashanda kwesainzi kunobatanidza tsika nemweya kunoratidzwa mukukakavadzana kwakatenderedza kuwanikwa kwedzidziso yekusarudzwa kwechisikigo naAlfred Russel Wallace naDarwin, iyo inotungamira nheyo yekufunga kwezvisikwa kubva paKuvhenekerwa. Kusajeka kwaWallace kunogona kukonzerwa nekushandisa kwaDarwin basa ravo rekubatana uye hukama hwaWallace kune zvemweya. Wallace akazove akarambwa uye akakoneswa nevezera rake nekuda kwekupa chirevo chemweya mune zvesainzi.
Nezvinotendwa uye ngano dzichiumba chikamu chikuru cheLo-TEK, kurwira pakati pesainzi uye zvemidzimu kunofukidza vanhu veko, vanoramba vari ivo vasingazivikanwe vagadziri vezvakatipoteredza vepasi. Kuwedzera dambudziko iri, nhoroondo inoratidzawo nhaka yekugoverwa kwechivanhu pasina kupihwa. Mabviro chaiwo eizwi rekusimudzira anogona kuteverwa kumashure kune Iyo Great Lore yeIroquois vanhu, uye yayo yechinomwe Generation Principle, tichifunga nezve zviito sezvazvinokanganisa chizvarwa chechinomwe shure kwavo.4 Kubatana uku kunoramba kusingabvumirwe, pamwe nekutya kukanganisa chokwadi chayo chesainzi nezvitendero zvemweya, sekunge hukama hwevanhu veko kune tekinoroji yakagadzikana hunoramba husina kuongororwa.
Ngano dzechivanhu dzinorondedzera ruzivo pamusoro pekudyidzana kwakaoma mukati mezvipenyu umo vanhu vakaiswa. Nhasi, zvekunamata zvakagamuchirwa sehwaro hweiyo eco-indasitiri. Tsika dzakakurumbira dzinokurudzira kugezeswa kwegirinhi, yakasarudzika kwete maitiro ehurongwa kune zvakatipoteredza.
Munyika dzechivanhu, zvekunamata munzvimbo ine hukama zvakananga nekuchengetedza uye kutonga kwezviwanikwa kuburikidza nemaitiro ekutenda, netsika umo isu "tinorangarira kurangarira." Ngano dzechivanhu dzinorondedzera ruzivo pamusoro pekudyidzana kwakaoma mukati mezvipenyu umo vanhu vakaiswa. Nhasi, zvekunamata zvakagamuchirwa sehwaro hweiyo eco-indasitiri. Tsika dzakakurumbira dzinokurudzira kugezeswa kwegirinhi, yakasarudzika kwete maitiro ehurongwa kune zvakatipoteredza. Kusiyana nekudzingwa kwakatarisana naWallace, kugarisana kwezvemweya nesainzi kunogamuchirwa munguva yedu yehushamwari. Vanhu vanoziva uye vane hanya nezvemhoteredzo nenzvimbo yavo mairi. Nepo kuita kwevanhu kwakakosha, kuita pachiyero chezvivakwa, zvakagadzirirwa nengano inobatanidza vanhu kune ecosystems, izvo zvinogona kukonzeresa shanduko yepasirese.
Fig. 4
Munguva ino yeAnthropocene, vanhu vanozoda kutsanangura zvakare ngano yetekinoroji kuti ibatanidze hunyanzvi hwekuzvarwa.
Munguva ino yeAnthropocene, vanhu vanozoda kutsanangura zvakare ngano yetekinoroji kuti ibatanidze hunyanzvi hwekuzvarwa. Tsika dzechivanhu dzepasi rino dzinoda kucherechedzwa sedzechinyakare kwete dzechinyakare uye ruzivo rwadzo rwuri mukufunga kweramangwana redu. Purofesa weHarvard Dr. Edward O. Wilson anofanotaura kuti mukati mezana rino remakore anotevera kuchengetedzwa kwezvakasiyana-siyana zvipenyu kuchava chinhu chinonyanya kukosha kwatiri.5 Zvisinei, kutsakatika kwemarudzi chete hakuzove kurasikirwa kukuru kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe. Masimba mamwechete anokonzera kutsakatika kwemarudzi anoisa mungozi ruzivo rwechivanhu rwungave rwune kiyi yekupona kwevanhu. Nenharaunda dzechivanhu dziri rimwe remapoka ari kunyanya kukanganiswa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, uye zvizhinji zvezviitwa izvo, muzita rebudiriro, zvakakurisa, ruzivo rwavo ndicho chikamu chakakosha chemhinduro.
Muzera reAnthropocene, kukanganisa kwevanhu panyika hakugoneki. Nekuparadza uye kunyangwe nekuchengetedza, ese ecological masisitimu anokanganiswa nekuita kwevanhu. Iye zvino tave pamharadzano yenzira apo tinogona kuenderera mberi nekuona kwakamanikana kweruzivo rwemichina, tichiziviswa nedaro redu kubva kune zvakasikwa, kana isu tinogona kubvuma kuti iyi ingori nzira imwe chete uye kwete nzira chete yekuti vanhu vararame. Vagadziri nhasi uno vanonzwisisa kukasika kwekudzikisa kukanganiswa kwevanhu kwakashata kwezvakatipoteredza, asi vachienderera mberi nengano imwe cheteyo inotsamira pakushandisa zvisikwa. Isu tinokanda Zvisikwa sesimba rinotyisa zvino rava kutsiva kwatiri, uye semunhu akaora mwoyo, kuzvipira 'kukuponesa kwedu nenzira yeruzivo' rwehunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji.
Vagadziri nhasi uno vanonzwisisa kukasika kwekudzikisa kukanganiswa kwevanhu kwakashata kwezvakatipoteredza, asi vachienderera mberi nengano imwe cheteyo inotsamira pakushandisa zvisikwa. Isu tinokanda Zvisikwa sesimba rinotyisa zvino rava kutsiva kwatiri, uye semunhu akaora mwoyo, kuzvipira 'kukuponesa kwedu nenzira yeruzivo' rwehunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji.
Nekuvaka zvivakwa zvakaomarara uye kufarira hightech homogenous dhizaini, tiri kufuratira ruzivo rwemireniyamu rwekurarama neNature musymbiosis. Kutakurwa munguva isati yashanduka mamiriro ekunze, kuedza kwekutanga kwesangano rekuchengetedza "kuchengetedza zvisikwa" zvakagara zvichienderera mberi nengano imwe chete yetekinoroji, vachitarisa vanhu veko uye hunyanzvi hwavo. Nyika dzekuchengetedza dzakarangarirwa serenje rakachengetedzwa, umo hupenyu hwevanhu hwakabviswa. Nzvimbo dzecharismatic nemhando dzakachengetedzwa, pane hukama hwesymbiotic pakati pemarudzi anotsigira zvisikwa. Nekuedza kuchengetedza zvisikwa, nzira yekumusoro-pasi yekuchengetedza kazhinji yakaiparadza. Bato iri rakabvisa vatariri, rakadzima ruzivo, uye rakafuratira matekinoroji akatsiga anga achideredza matambudziko emamiriro ekunze kwezviuru zvemakore.
Madzitateguru eAmerica ekuchengetedza angadai asina kufungidzira kuti kufamba kwaizogamuchirwa pasi rose, kutamisa mamirioni avanhu veko uye kukurumidza kutsakatika kwezvipenyu. Mumumvuri wesangano rekuchengetedza ndiyo nyaya yakavanzika yevapoteri vekuchengetedza. Mamiriyoni evanhu veko avo vakabviswa zvakarongeka kubva munzvimbo dzavo kuti vagadzire nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza.6 Kuperekedza uku kutamiswa kwevanhu vakawanda ndiko kurasikirwa kweLo-TEK mitsva inovimba nekudzivirira mhuka, zvinhu, ngano, uye munhu.
Kunyange zvazvo sangano rekuchengetedza rakaumbwa nezvishuvo zvinoyemurika, rakanga rakavakirwa pakufunga kwesayenzi kwepanguva iyo yaikwidziridza chisiko serenje chairo raifanira kuponeswa, nepo vanhu veko nounyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu hwakafuratirwa zvachose. Nekukoshesa sainzi pamusoro pechinyakare, munhu pamusoro penharaunda, uye renje rakajeka pamusoro pemarudzi echivanhu, ngano yakatekeshera yetekinoroji yakasimbiswa.
Fig. 5
Kuongorora dzimwe nzira dzengano dzakakurumbira uye kutadza kwekuchengetedza kunoratidza kuvapo kweruzivo rwechivanhu rwakatarisana nekutsakatika. Tinofanira kuchinja maonero atinoita Anthropocene.
Hatigoni kuwana mhinduro kumatambudziko atinosangana nawo nemafungiro mamwe chete kubva kwaakabva matambudziko iwayo. Kuongorora dzimwe nzira dzengano dzakakurumbira uye kutadza kwekuchengetedza kunoratidza kuvapo kweruzivo rwechivanhu rwakatarisana nekutsakatika. Tinofanira kuchinja maonero atinoita Anthropocene. Nepo kukanganisa kwevanhu kuri kwese kwese, hazvireve kuti kudyidzana kwese kwakonzera kuparadzwa. Mafungiro aya anotiendesa kure kubva kune zvakasikwa uye zvisikwa kubva kwatiri. Kusiyana neizvi, pfungwa dzekusaziva dzinoona vanhu sechikamu chezvisikwa uye yakashanduka matekinoroji anoshandisa biodiversity sechivakwa. Nhema itsva yetekinoroji munguva yeAnthropocene inogona kutsiva kutyisidzira kwakamirira kuti zvisikwa zvinotiparadza netariro yekuti kubatana neChisikwa kunogona kutiponesa.
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwatiratidza kuti kurarama kwedu hakuna kutsamira pahukuru, asi nesymbiosis. Muchinjo yekugadzira maguta akatsiga, matekinoroji echivanhu akakosha muhurukuro yevagadziri vanogadzirisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, sezvo iri mienzaniso mipenyu inosanganisira kufunga kwekusimba. Tinofanira kuwedzera tsananguro yedu yetekinoroji yakasimba. Kubvuma kukanganisa kwemazuva ano uye kukundikana kwekuchengetedza, tinogona kushandura nzvimbo yedu yechiremera kune imwe yekubatana neChisikwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kubatanidza nuances dzechinyakare innovation.
Kuvaka yakakwirira-tech, homogenous, yakaoma zvivakwa mukupindura kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kusimudzira ngano yekare yehunyanzvi. Tichifunga nezvekukwira kwemvura yegungwa, zviitiko zvedutu zvinowanzoitika, uye zvimwe zvisingatarisike kubva mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, zvimiro zvechimiro zvinoratidzwa zvishoma mukupindura shanduko ine simba. Pasina kushandisa masisitimu akapfava anoshandisa zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana sechivakwa, zvivakwa izvi zvinoramba zvisingagoneke. Munguva yezvose zviri zviviri utopian high tech uye kunyanyisa kusati kwamboitika kwemamiriro ekunze, tiri kunyura muruzivo, tichishuva uchenjeri.
Tinofanira kutanga kutaura ngano yechinyakare yetekinoroji, uko kufambira mberi kusingawanikwe mukufarira kwedu ramangwana. Sevagadziri, basa redu nderekugadzira hwaro hutsva hwekubatana kwakanaka neNature. Kuumbazve hukama uhwu kunoreva kubvuma kuti vanhu vagara vachirarama nemaitiro echisikigo. Vanhu vekuMadziva Makuru vanotungamirwa neMirairo Yekutanga.7 Idzi ndidzo ngano dzakapfuudzwa nezvizvarwa mumhemberero dzine uchenjeri hwekare. Haisi mirayiridzo asi, sekambasi, inopa nhungamiro panzvimbo pemepu yenguva yemberi.8 Hutsva hunogona kuwanikwa muruzivo rwekare, uye tsika dzinotidzidzisa "kurangarira kurangarira."
Sevagadziri tinofanira kuyeuka kuti tiri chikamu chechisikigo. Kupona kwedu kwepasirese kunoenderana nekufunga kwedu kubva “kupona kwevakasimba kwazvo” kuenda “kupona kweanonyanyo wirirana” sedanho rekutanga rinokosha.
Sevagadziri tinofanira kuyeuka kuti tiri chikamu chechisikigo. Kupona kwedu kwepasirese kunoenderana nekufunga kwedu kubva “kupona kwevakasimba kwazvo” kuenda “kupona kweanonyanyo wirirana” sedanho rekutanga rinokosha.9 Nharaunda dzechivanhu, dzakatora kufunga uku zviuru zvemakore apfuura, ikozvino vane bhanga repasi rose reeco-ungwaru uye hunyanzvi hwechivanhu husingakoshi, asi chete kana tikaisa mari mariri. Mune ramangwana rinoonekwa, kutsakatika kwehunyanzvi uhu kuchamira pamwe nekutsakatika kwemarudzi seimwe yekurasikirwa kukuru kwezana ramakore rechi21.
Yakatorwa uye yakagadziriswa kubva kuna Julia Watson, Lo-TEK. Dhizaini neRadical Indigenism (Taschen, 2019).
Kihamba Forest Gardens, mufananidzo. Nekuda kwaJulia Watson.
Notes
1 Charles Darwin, Pamusoro peMavambo eZvisikwa Nekusarudzwa Kwemusikirwo, kana, Kuchengetedzwa Kwemarudzi Anofarirwa muKurwira Upenyu.. (London: J. Murray; WWF, 2014)
2 Fikret Berkes, Sacred Ecology: Traditional Ecological Knowledge uye Resource Management (Philadelphia PA: Taylor & Francis, 1999).
3 Damian Carrington naPaul Ehrlich, "Kupunzika Kwebudiriro Iri Pedyo Nechokwadi Mukati Mamakumi emakore", The Guardian (Kurume 2018). Inowanikwa pa: shorturl.at/akzPY
4 Gro Harlem Brundtland, Chirevo cheWorld Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. United Nations, 1987.
5 Edward O Wilson, "The Bottleneck", Scientific American (Kukadzi 2002): 83-91. Inowanikwa pa: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-bottleneck/
6 Mark Dowie, Vapoteri Vanochengetedza: Makore zana Kupokana Pakati Pekuchengetedzwa Kwepasirese uye Nevagari Vemo. (Boston: MIT Press, 2011).
7 Melissa Nelson, Mirairo Yekutanga Yeramangwana Rakasimba (Rochester, Vt.: Bear & Company, 2008).
8 Robin Wall Kimmerer, Kuruka Sweetgrass (Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions, 2013).
9 Lynn Margulis, Symbiotic Planet: A New Look At Evolution (New York: Basic Books, 1998).
Rondedzero yemifananidzo
Fig. 1 Maonero pamusoro pe sacerd Mahagiri rice terraces, chikamu chidiki chemakore chiuru chekare che agrarian system inozivikanwa se subak, iyo yakasiyana nechitsuwa cheBali, Indonesia. ©David Lazar
Fig. 2 Mutsara wenyoka dzakaparadzana dzakaenzana pamusoro pegwenga kubva kumakomo eElburz marefu kusvika kumapani eIraq uye ndirwo chete humbowo hwerukova rwemvura rwusingaoneki, rwepasi pevhu rwakagadzirwa nevanhu rwunodaidzwa kuti qanat, rwakatanga kuvakwa ne VaPersia mumakore ekutanga emireniyamu yekutanga BCE. ©Alireza Teimoury
Fig. 3 KuMaodzanyemba Madova eIraq, imba yese yeMa'dan inozivikanwa semudhif, yakavakwa netsanga yeqasab pasina kushandisa dhaka kana zvipikiri, inogona kudonhedzwa yomiswazve nezuva rimwe. ©Jassim Alasadi
Fig. 4 Las Islas Flotantes ichitsuwa chinoyangarara pamusoro peLake Titicaca muPeru inogarwa nevaUros, vanovaka budiriro yavo yose kubva kutsanga yetotora inorimwa imomo. ©Enrique Castro-Mendivil
Fig. 5 Qasab tsanga yagara ichishanda semidziyo yedzimba, mabasa emaoko, maturusi, uye chikafu chemhuka nedzimba dzakasiyana dzemudhif dzevanhu veMa'dan dzinoonekwa mumifananidzo yeSumerian kubva zviuru zvishanu zvemakore apfuura. ©Esme Allen
Mufananidzo 6 Mumwe muredzi wechidiki anofamba pasi pezambuko repamusha paMawlynnong, India. Mumvura isingaregi yemasango eMeghalaya vanhu veKhasi vakashandisa midzi inodzidziswa yemiti yerabha kukura Jingkieng Dieng Jri mabhiriji anogara midzi pamusoro penzizi kwemazana emakore. ©Amos Chapple
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Mugadziri, muratidziri, mudzidzi uye munyori, Julia Watson inyanzvi inotungamira pane zvechivanhu-based tekinoroji. Maitiro ake asina kujairika akatungamira mukutsvagisa, kunyora, uye kugadzira mapurojekiti akafemerwa nenzendo kunzvimbo dzechivanhu, nepo dzidzo yake yepamutemo yakatungamira kunzvimbo dzekudzidzisa kuHarvard, Columbia, RISD, uye Rensselaer universities. Basa raJulia rakaburitswa zvakanyanya mumagazini akadai SPOOL, Topos Journal, uye Indigenous Peoples uye Climate Technologies Guidebook. Muna 2019 akaburitsa Lo-TEK. Basa re studio raJulia rinosanganisira kutaura, kunyora, dhizaini yemamiriro ekunze uye dhizaini yemadhorobha, pamwe neremangwana kubvunza kumakambani eFortune 500. Akabata ruwadzano neSummit REALITY & Pop!tech, akagamuchira rubatsiro rweChristensen Fund, mubairo waArnold W. Brunner weArchitectural Research, New York State Council of the Arts Architecture + Design award, uye ws a Disruptive By Design Ambassador weWIRED.
“Tava kutanga kunzwisisa kushamisa kukuru kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze: kuti vanhu vanonyanya kukanganiswa nazvo kazhinji havana kuita zvishoma kuzvikonzera. Zvisinganyanyi kukurukurwa ndezvekuti vazhinji vevanhu ivavo vane tekinoroji, huzivi, uye ruzivo rwaigona kudzivirira kukwira kwekushisa, moto wesango usingadzoreki, uye matombo ecoral ari kufa pakutanga. Ivo vanhu vakaita savaChagga muTanzania, vane masisitimu ekurima masango anotsigira hupfumi hwakasiyana-siyana hweMount Kilimanjaro uye kudya vanhu vari kukura nekukurumidza. Kana kuti veKayapó muAmazon Basin, vanoshandisa moto kurima zvirimwa zvavo, kuzadzazve ivhu, uye kudzivirira nyika yavo kuti isaparadzwa. MuIran, vanhu vekuPezhiya vakagadzira qanats, kana migero yepasi pevhu, inoshanda semafoiri echisikigo kumapombi edu anoshandisa simba rakawanda nematsime. Ipapo kune vanhu vechiKhasi vokuMeghalaya, India—inozivikanwa senzvimbo ine mvura yakawanda zvikurusa pasi pano—vane nzira yokufamba nayo kunaya kwemvura zhinji nemamonso: Vakarovedza mionde yerabha kukura mhiri kwenzizi. Mukufamba kwemakumi emakore, midzi mikuru inokura, kumonereka, uye kusimba kuva mabhiriji ega-echisikigo kana neimwe nzira-anogona kumira kukwira kwemvura nemadutu ane simba. Ava ndivo vanhu vaigashira zvekurima zvekuvandudza, zero-marara kurarama, uye zvisikwa-zvakavakirwa mhinduro kare vasati vasvika 2020 buzzwords. Architect, mugadziri wenzvimbo, uye purofesa weHarvard neColumbia Julia Watson vakafamba nenyika gumi nesere kwemakore matanhatu kuti vashanyire nharaunda idzi uye kunyora mararamiro avo mubhuku rake idzva, Lo-TEK: Dhizaini neRadical Indigenism, rakabudiswa naTaschen kutanga kwegore rino. Kupfuura kuvhenekera tsika nehunyanzvi hwavo, Watson anoenzanisira kuti nzira dzechivanhu dzinonyatsobatsira sei pasi — uye kuti dzingagamuchirwa sei pasi rese mukutarisana nedambudziko remamiriro ekunze. ”
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