Isiqendu 36: INjingalwazi yaseHarvard kunye neYunivesithi yaseColumbia, uJulia Watson, uchaza into emasiyifunde kuZakhiwo lwemveli.
UJulia Watson, uMyili, umlweli, izifundiswa, kunye nombhali we Lo—TEK Uyilo yiRadical Indigenism
Enye yezinto esizigcinele abaphulaphuli ludliwanondlebe noJulia Watson….ifumaneka ngezantsi nakwisiteshi sakho sepodcast osithandayo ngoLwesibini we-19 kaJulayi.
UJulia ungumbungazi ovelele ingcali yeLo-TEK itekhnoloji esekwe kwindalo yokumelana nemozulu. Isitudiyo sakhe esibizwa ngegama elibiywa ngegama lizisa ukuyila kunye nengqiqo, ukucinga ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo uyilo iiprojekthi namaqumrhu anomdla kutshintsho olucwangcisiweyo noluzinzileyo.
UJulia Watson ngumbhali-mbali owaziwayo wokwakha kodwa waziwa ngakumbi ngomsebenzi wakhe ojikeleze iNdawo yoKwakha.
UJulia Watson ngumbhali-mbali owaziwayo wokwakha kunye ne umbhali kwamaninzi iincwadi kwimbali ye Zakhiwo. Ungunjingalwazi kwiDyunivesithi yaseTexas eAustin kwaye ufundise kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard, kwiYunivesithi yaseYale, nakwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia. UJulia Watson ungomnye wabaphambili kwihlabathi Iingcali kwimbali yoyilo lwezakhiwo kwaye ipapashe amanqaku kunye neencwadi ezininzi ngalo mbandela.
Uligunya elihlonitshwa kakhulu kulo mbandela kwaye umsebenzi wakhe uhlonitshwa ngokubanzi ngoontanga bakhe. UJulia Watson lilizwi elibalulekileyo kwicandelo lembali yezokwakha kwaye umsebenzi wakhe uyimfuneko yokufunda kuye nabani na onomdla kulo mbandela.
Yintoni i-Indigenous Architecture?
Uyilo lwemveli ligama elisetyenziswa ukuchaza indlela yokwakhiwa kwemveli yabantu boMthonyama. Uyilo lwemveli luphawulwa ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zendalo, uqhagamshelo lwalo kumhlaba, kunye nokugxila kuluntu.
Abayili bomthonyama nabo bahlala bebandakanya imiba yenkcubeko yabo kuyilo lwabo, njengamabali, umfuziselo, kunye nemibhiyozo. Izakhiwo zemveli azikho kwixesha elidlulileyo kuphela kodwa malunga nexesha langoku kunye nekamva.
Abayili bezakhiwo bomthonyama basebenzisa ulwazi lwabo ukuyila ngokuzinzileyo izakhiwo oko kuya kuvumela abantu bomthonyama ukuba bagcine izithethe zabo zenkcubeko ngelixa beqhelana nehlabathi eliguqukayo elibangqongileyo.
Ngokunxulumana kwakhona nelifa labo lokwakha, abantu boMthonyama bazenzela ikamva eliqaqambileyo bona kunye neplanethi.
Lo-TEK
Ukufunda kuBulumko bemveli kunye ne-Ecology Symbiosis.
Abstract
Kweli xesha lobugcisa obuphezulu nemozulu egqwethekileyo, singenalwazi luphangaleleyo ngoxa sifuna ubulumko. Ngena i-Lo-TEK, isakhiwo sentshukumo yoyilo kwifilosofi yemveli kunye nolwimi lwasekuhlaleni iziseko ukwenza iteknoloji ezinzileyo, eyomelelayo, esekwe kwindalo. Abaqulunqi besabela kwimingeni engaphambili, banokuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wendalo esekelwe kwindalo yasedolophini enokugcina ukukhula, apho abantu bomthonyama. ezintsha ixutywe ngemathiriyeli yangoku kunye ukwakhiwa ubuchule. Ukususela kwisikali semodyuli, ukuya kwisakhiwo, kwisiseko, kunye i-ikhosistim, Ubulumko bemveli kunye ne-ecology symbiosis inokuphinda icingelwe ukunciphisa ukuxinana, ukwakha kwakhona iyantlukwano kunye nokucutheka kokubini umntu kunye nommandla wedolophu. Ithatha amazwe ali-18 ukusuka Peru kwi Filipayinzi, eTanzania ukuya eIran, Lo—TEK iphonononga ubuchule bomntu weminyaka eyiwaka ubudala malunga nendlela yokuphila kwi-symbiosis kunye indalo.
I-A-view-over-ingcwele-i-Mahagiri-rice-terraces
Ngokusuka kwiintsomi zamaGrike, ezithetha ibali labantu, intsomi iye yakhokela uluntu kangangamawaka eminyaka. Kwiminyaka engamakhulu amathathu eyadlulayo, iinkcuba-buchopho zeEuropean Enlightenment zakha intsomi yobugcisa. Iphenjelelwe yimvisiswano yobuntu, ubukoloniyali, kunye nobuhlanga, le ntsomi yabubetha ngoyaba ubulumko basekuhlaleni kunye nenguqulelo entsha yemveli, ibujonga njengento yokuqala. Ukukhokela oku yayiyimbono yetekhnoloji eyayidla ngokugawulwa kwe amahlathi kunye nokutsalwa kwezibonelelo. Intsomi eyayiphembelela iXesha loShishino yazikhwebula kwiinkqubo zendalo, ikhetha amafutha omlilo.
Ukuza kwikamva eliqinisekileyo kunye nokujongana neziganeko zemozulu ezingenakuxelwa kwangaphambili kunye nokungaphumeleli kwe-ecosystem engenakunqandwa, uluntu lunomsebenzi wokuphuhlisa izisombululo zokukhusela intlango eseleyo, kunye nokuguqula impucuko esiyakhayo.
Namhlanje, i Ilifa yale ntsomi iyasikhathaza. Inkqubela phambili ngeendleko zeplanethi yazala ixesha le-Anthropocene - ixesha lethu langoku lejoloji eliphawulwe ngokungenakuphikiswa. mpe mbelelo zabantu phezu kwe indawo kwisikali soMhlaba. UCharles Darwin, umphengululi nesazi ngendalo ogqalwa njengoyise wemfundiso yendaleko, wathi “ukuphela kwenzeka kancinane,” ukanti amashumi amathandathu epesenti eepesenti zehlabathi. eziphilayo ithe yanyamalala kule minyaka ingamashumi amane idlulileyo.1 Ukufikelela kwikamva eliqinisekileyo kunye nokujongana neziganeko zemozulu ezingenakuxelwa kwangaphambili, iintlobo ukutshabalala okungenakubanjwa, kunye nokusilela kwenkqubo yendalo engenakunqandwa, uluntu lunikwe umsebenzi wokuphuhlisa izisombululo zokukhusela intlango eseleyo, kunye nokuguqula impucuko esiyakhayo. Ngelixa sintywila kweli xesha loLwazi, silambele ubulumko. Kuphela yintsinjana yetekhnoloji eyayikho ngexesha loKhanya eyayixatyiswe kwaye yaluswa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngeli xesha, enye intsomi yetekhnoloji ibikunye nathi ukusukela kwangaphambi kokuKhanya. Ayivunywanga, ekhoyo kwisiphelo soMhlaba, kunye nabaxhasi bayo babonwa njengeyakudala kangangeenkulungwane. Ngelixa uluntu “lwanamhlanje” lwaluzama ukoyisa indalo egameni lenkqubela phambili, ezi iinkcubeko zemveli bebesebenza nayo.
Itekhnoloji yemveli ayilahlekanga okanye ilityalwe, ifihliwe kuphela sisithunzi senkqubela phambili kwezona ndawo zikude emhlabeni. Ngelixa uluntu luxabisa kwaye lugcina izinto zobugcisa zenkcubeko efileyo, njengePyramids yaseGiza eneminyaka engamawaka amane ubudala, abo baphilayo bayagxothwa, njengobuchwephesha besiqithi esidadayo esineminyaka engamawaka amathandathu ubudala saseMa'dan emazantsi. imigxobhozo eIraq. Ukwandisa iziseko zoyilo oluqhelekileyo, i-Lo—TEK yintshukumo ephanda ubuchwephesha bendawo obungaziwayo kangako, ulwazi lwendalo lwendalo (TEK), izenzo zenkcubeko yemveli, kunye neentsomi ezidluliswa njengeengoma okanye amabali. Ngokuchaseneyo ne-homogeneity yehlabathi lanamhlanje, i-indigeneity yenziwe ngokutsha njengolwandiso lwenguquko yobomi kwi-symbiosis nendalo.
I-Radical indigenism ixoxa ngokwakhiwa ngokutsha kolwazi kwaye iphonononga iifilosofi zemveli ezikwaziyo ukuvelisa iingxoxo ezintsha.
Idama leentlanzi, umzekeliso. Ngoncedo lukaJulia Watson.
Ihlanganiswe nguNjingalwazi wasePrinceton kunye nommi weSizwe saseCherokee u-Eva Marie Garoutte, i-radical indigenism iphikisana nokwakhiwa kwakhona kolwazi kwaye iphonononga iifilosofi zemveli ezikwazi ukuvelisa iingxoxo ezintsha.2 Ingcamango ye-radical indigenism ithatha igama layo kwi-Latin derivation yegama elithi "radical": radix, elithetha "ingcambu". Uyilo lobuNtu obunobuNtu buqikelela intshukumo eyakha ngokutsha ukuqonda kweefilosofi zemveli ngokunxulumene noyilo lokuvelisa iziseko ezingundoqo ezizinzileyo nezikwaziyo ukumelana nemozulu. I-Lo-TEK isikhokelela kwi-mythology eyahlukileyo yobuchwepheshe. Enye ephuhlisa i-humanism nge-radical indigenism.
Intsimi yoyilo ikumzuzu obalulekileyo, ukwandisa ukujongana neengxaki ezinzima ezifuna iimpendulo ezomeleleyo kunye neziguquguqukayo. Ngokuwohloka kwemekobume noluntu kusondele kumashumi eminyaka azayo, uyilo ekudibaneni kwe-anthropology, i-ecology kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha yeyona ngxoxo icinezelayo kwixesha lethu.3 Intsomi entsha evuma i-Lo–TEK ibalulekile ekuqhubeleni phambili ukuhlalisana komntu nendalo.
Ngelixa ulwazi lwesayensi luthathwa njengenyaniso ebalulekileyo, eneneni yintsomi ehlala iguquka.
Ngelixa ulwazi lwesayensi luthathwa njengenyaniso ebalulekileyo, eneneni yintsomi ehlala iguquka. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uluntu lwethu aluzihoyi iinkolelo zemveli zasemoyeni njengentsomi, nangona zigubungela iwaka leminyaka ubudala, ulwazi lwendalo oluhlala luhleli. Ukungasebenzi kwenzululwazi edibanisa inkcubeko kunye nokomoya kubonakaliswe kwingxabano ejikeleze ukufunyanwa kwangaxeshanye kwethiyori yokukhethwa kwendalo nguAlfred Russel Wallace kunye noDarwin, umgaqo okhokelayo wengcinga yendalo ukusukela ekukhanyeni. Ukungacaci kukaWallace kunokunxulunyaniswa nokuxhaphazwa kukaDarwin kumsebenzi wabo wentsebenziswano kunye namaqhina kaWallace kwizinto zomoya. Ekugqibeleni uWallace wakhutshelwa ngaphandle kwaye akazange avumeleke ngoontanga bakhe ngokuba nentsingiselo yokomoya kwizinto zesayensi.
Ngeenkolelo kunye neentsomi ezenza indawo enkulu ye-Lo-TEK, umzabalazo phakathi kwesayensi kunye ne-spiritism ugubungela abantu bomthonyama, abahlala bengabaqambi bendalo bendalo beplanethi. Ukudibanisa le ngxaki, imbali ikwatyhila ilifa lolwabiwo lwemveli ngaphandle kokuchazwa. Imvelaphi yeli gama nokuzinza kunokulandwa emva kwi-Great Lore yabantu base-Iroquois, kunye noMgaqo weSizukulwana seSixhenxe, ukuqwalasela izenzo njengoko zichaphazela isizukulwana sesixhenxe emva kwabo.4 Lo mbutho uhlala ungavunywanga, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokoyika ukunganyaniseki ubunyani bayo besayensi kunye neenkolelo zokomoya, njengoko ubudlelwane babantu bomthonyama kwitekhnoloji ezinzileyo buhlala bungahlolisiswa.
Iintsomi zemveli zibalisa ulwazi malunga nentsebenziswano entsonkothileyo kwi-ikhosistim apho abantu bazinziswe khona. Namhlanje, ubumoya bamkelwe njengesiseko se-eco-industry. Inkcubeko eyaziwayo ikhuthaza ukuhlamba okuluhlaza, indlela engaphezulu kunenkqubo yendalo.
Kwilizwe lemveli, ubumoya bomhlaba bunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nozinzo kunye nolawulo lwemithombo ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zenkolo, kunye nezithethe apho "sikhumbula ukukhumbula." Iintsomi zemveli zibalisa ulwazi malunga nentsebenziswano entsonkothileyo ngaphakathi zendalo apho abantu bafakwe khona. Namhlanje, ubumoya bamkelwe njengesiseko se-eco-industry. Inkcubeko edumileyo ikhuthaza luhlaza ukuhlamba, indlela engaphezulu kunenkqubo yokusingqongileyo. Ngokuchaseneyo nokugxothwa kukaWallace, ukuhlalisana kwezomoya nezenzululwazi kwamkelwe ngexesha lethu elilungele indalo. Abantu ngabanye bayazi kwaye banenkxalabo malunga nendalo kunye nendawo yabo kuyo. Ngelixa isenzo somntu sibalulekile, sisenzo esikumlinganiselo weziseko ezingundoqo, eziyilwe ngentsomi edibanisa abantu kwi-ikhosistim, enokuthi ibangele utshintsho lwehlabathi.
Ikhiwane. 4
Kweli xesha le-Anthropocene, uluntu luya kufuneka luchaze ngokutsha intsomi yethekhinoloji ukuze iquke inguqulelo yemveli.
Kweli xesha le-Anthropocene, uluntu luya kufuneka luchaze ngokutsha intsomi yethekhinoloji ukuze iquke inguqulelo yemveli. Iinkcubeko zemveli zehlabathi kufuneka ziqatshelwe njengezinto ezintsha kunezokuqala kwaye ulwazi lwazo lufakwe kwingcinga yekamva lethu. Unjingalwazi waseHarvard uGqr. Edward O. Wilson uqikelela ukuba kule minyaka ilikhulu izayo ukukhuselwa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuya kuba yeyona nto iphambili kuthi.5 Nangona kunjalo, ukuphela kwezilwanyana kukodwa akuyi kuba yeyona lahleko inkulu yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye. Amandla afanayo aqhubayo ukutshabalala kweentlobo zibeke emngciphekweni ubugcisa bemveli obunokuthi bubambe isitshixo sokuphila koluntu. Ngoluntu lwemveli lelinye lamaqela achatshazelwa kakhulu imo iyatshintsha, kunye nemisebenzi emininzi ethe, egameni lenkqubela phambili, iqhubekile, ulwazi lwabo ngokwenene luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesisombululo.
Kwixesha le-Anthropocene, impembelelo yobuntu kwiplanethi ayinakuphikiswa. Ngokutshabalalisa nokuba nokugcinwa, zonke iinkqubo zendalo zichatshazelwa sisenzo somntu. Ngoku sikwindlela edibanayo apho sinokuqhubeka nembono emxinwa yobugcisa, siboniswa ngumgama wethu ukusuka kwindalo, okanye sinokuvuma ukuba le yindlela nje enye yaye asikuphela kwendlela abantu abaphila ngayo. Abaqulunqi namhlanje bayakuqonda ukungxamiseka kokunciphisa ububi boluntu ifuthe kwindalo esingqongileyo, ukanti zibethelela intsomi efanayo exhomekeke ekuxhaphazeni indalo. Siyiphosa iNdalo njengamandla asoyikisayo ngoku aphindezela kuthi, nanjengomntu odakumbileyo, sinikezela 'kugcino lwethu ngendlela yobuchule' bobuchule obutsha.
Abaqulunqi namhlanje bayakuqonda ukungxamiseka kokunciphisa ifuthe elibi lokusingqongileyo eluntwini, ukanti baqhubela phambili intsomi efanayo exhomekeke ekuxhaphazeni indalo. Siyiphosa iNdalo njengamandla asoyikisayo ngoku aphindezela kuthi, nanjengomntu odakumbileyo, sinikezela 'kugcino lwethu ngendlela yobuchule' bobuchule obutsha.
Ngokwakha iziseko ezingundoqo eziqinileyo kunye nokuthanda uyilo lwe-hightech homogenous, sityeshela ulwazi lweminyaka yakudala lwendlela yokuphila neNdalo kwi-symbiosis. Ukunyanzelwa kwixesha elingaphambi kokutshintsha kwemozulu, iinzame zangaphambili zentshukumo yolondolozo "zokusindisa indalo" ziqhubekisela phambili intsomi efanayo yetekhnoloji, ijonge abantu bomthonyama kunye nokwenziwa kwabo okutsha. Imimandla yolondolozo yayigqalwa njengentlango ekhuselweyo, ekwathi kwasuswa kuyo ubomi bomntu. Imbonakalo-mhlaba ye-Charismatic kunye neentlobo zakhuselwa, kunobudlelwane be-symbiotic phakathi kweentlobo ezixhasa i-ecosystem. Ngokuzama ukulondoloza indalo, indlela esuka phezulu ezantsi kulondolozo isoloko iyikhukulisa. Le ntshukumo yasusa amagosa, yacima ulwazi, yaza yatyeshela itekhnoloji eyomelelayo ebikade ithomalalisa imingeni yemozulu kangangamawaka eminyaka.
Ookhokho baseMelika kwezolondolozo babengenakucinga ukuba intshukumo iya kwamkelwa kwihlabathi liphela, igxotha izigidi zabantu bomthonyama kwaye ikhawulezisa ukutshabalala kweentlobo ngeentlobo. Emthunzini wentshukumo yolondolozo ibali elifihliweyo lababaleki bolondolozo. Izigidi zabantu bomthonyama abaye basuswa ngokucwangcisiweyo kwiindawo zabo ukuze benze iindawo zolondolozo.6 Ukukhapha le mass Ukufuduswa kukulahlekelwa kwezinto ezintsha ze-Lo-TEK ezithembele kwaye zikhusele izilwanyana, izixhobo, iintsomi kunye nomntu.
Ngelixa umbutho wolondolozo wawuqulunqwe ngamabhongo ancomekayo, wawusekelwe kwiingcinga zenzululwazi zexesha elaliphakamisa indalo njengentlango ecocekileyo ekwakufuneka isindiswe, ngoxa abantu bomthonyama kunye nobugcisa babo babutyeshelwa ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuxabisa inzululwazi ngaphezu kwesithethe, umntu phezu koluntu, kunye nentlango ecocekileyo kubantu bomthonyama, intsomi eyayixhaphakile yeteknoloji yomelezwa.
Ikhiwane. 5
Ukuphonononga iindlela ezizezinye kwiintsomi ezongameleyo kunye nokusilela kolondolozo kubonisa ubukho bolwazi oluxabisekileyo lwemveli olujongene nokuphela. Kufuneka sitshintshe indlela esiyijonga ngayo iAnthropocene.
Asinakuzifumana izisombululo kwiingxaki esijongene nazo ngeengcinga ezifanayo ezavela kuzo ezo ngxaki. Ukuphonononga iindlela ezizezinye kwiintsomi eziphambili kunye nokusilela kolondolozo kubonisa ubukho bexabiso elingenakuthelekiswa nanto. ulwazi lwemveli ejongene nokuphela. Kufuneka sitshintshe indlela esiyijonga ngayo iAnthropocene. Ngelixa iimpembelelo zomntu zikho kuyo yonke indawo, ayithethi ukuba zonke iindibano zikhokelele kwintshabalalo. Le ndlela yokucinga iyasahlukanisa sobabini kwindalo nakwindalo kuthi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ingqondo ye-indigeneity ibona abantu njengenxalenye yendalo kwaye iye yaphucula ubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa i-biodiversity njengebhloko yokwakha. I-mythology entsha yetekhnoloji kwixesha le-Anthropocene inokutshintsha isoyikiso esilindileyo sokuba indalo iya kusitshabalalisa ngethemba lokuba intsebenziswano kunye neNdalo inokusisindisa.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kusibonisile ukuba ukusinda kwethu akuxhomekekanga ekuphakameni, kodwa kwi-symbiosis. Ekutshintsheni ukuya uyilo ba xho mekeke imizi, ubugcisa bemveli bubalulekile kwincoko yabaqulunqi abajongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, njengoko beyimizekelo ephilayo equka ukucinga ukomelela. Kufuneka sandise inkcazo yethu yeteknoloji ezinzileyo. Ukuvuma iimpazamo zala maxesha kunye nokusilela kolondolozo, sinokutshintsha isikhundla sethu segunya sibe sentsebenziswano neNdalo. Oku kuya kubandakanya ukubandakanya izinto ezintsha zemveli.
Ukwakha i-high-tech, i-homogenous, izakhiwo ezinzima ekuphenduleni utshintsho lwemozulu luqhubela phambili intsomi endala yeteknoloji. Xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle okuqatha, izehlo zesaqhwithi ezibakho rhoqo, kunye nezinye iimpembelelo ezingalindelekanga ezisuka kutshintsho lwemozulu, iziseko ezingundoqo ezimileyo zingqinwe umda ekuphenduleni utshintsho oluguquguqukayo. Ngaphandle kokuphumeza iinkqubo ezithambileyo ezisebenzisa i-biodiversity njengebhloko yokwakha, ezi ziseko zophuhliso zihlala zingenazinzo ngokwendalo. Kweli xesha lobuchwephesha obuphezulu kunye nemozulu egqithileyo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili, siyatshona kulwazi, ngelixa silambele ubulumko.
Kufuneka siqale ukubalisa intsomi esakhulayo kodwa yakudala yetekhnoloji, apho inkqubela ingafumanekiyo ekuthabathekeni kwethu ngekamva. Njengabayili, indima yethu kukudala umhlaba omtsha wothethathethwano oluhle kunye neNdalo. Ukuphinda umisele obu budlelwane kuthetha ukuvuma ukuba abantu bebesoloko bephila ngeenkqubo zendalo. Abantu bomthonyama bamaChibi amakhulu bakhokelwa yiMiyalelo yokuqala.7 Ezi ziintsomi eziye zadluliselwa kwizizukulwana ngemisitho equlethe ubulumko bexesha elidlulileyo. Ayiyomiyalelo kodwa, njengekhampasi, inikela ulwalathiso kunokuba ibe yimephu yekamva.8 Ukusungula izinto ezintsha kunokufunyanwa kulwazi lwexesha elidlulileyo, kunye nezithethe ezisifundisa ukuba "sikhumbule ukukhumbula."
Njengabayili kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba siyinxalenye yendalo. Ukusinda kwethu kwihlabathi liphela kuxhomekeke kwindlela esicinga ngayo ukusuka “kukusinda kobona banamandla” ukuya “kukusinda kweyona symbiotic” njengenyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo.
Njengabayili kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba siyinxalenye yendalo. Ukusinda kwethu kwihlabathi liphela kuxhomekeke kwindlela esicinga ngayo ukusuka “kukusinda kobona banamandla” ukuya “kukusinda kweyona symbiotic” njengenyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo.9 Abantu bomthonyama, abayamkela le ndlela yokucinga kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, ngoku babambe ibhanki yehlabathi ye-eco-intelligence kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha zemveli ezingenaxabiso ngokungathandabuzekiyo, kodwa kuphela ukuba sityala imali kuyo. Kwixesha elizayo elibonakalayo, ukuphela kobu bugcisa kuya kuma ecaleni kokuphela kweentlobo zezilwanyana njengenye yelahleko enkulu yenkulungwane yama-21.
Icatshulwe kwaye iguqulelwe kuJulia Watson, Lo-TEK. Uyilo ngokweRadical Indigenism (Taschen, 2019).
Kihamba Forest Gardens, umfanekiso. Ngoncedo lukaJulia Watson.
amaNqaku
1 UCharles Darwin, Kwimvelaphi yeZilwanyana ngoKhetho lweNdalo, okanye, ukuLondolozwa kweentlanga ezithandwayo kuMzabalazo woBomi.. (London: J. Murray; WWF, 2014)
2 Fikret Berkes, I-Ecology Engcwele: Ulwazi lweNdabuko ngeNdalo kunye noLawulo lweZibonelelo (Philadelphia PA: Taylor & Francis, 1999).
3 UDamian Carrington kunye noPaul Ehrlich, "Ukuwohloka kwempucuko kukuQinisekisa okukufutshane phakathi kwamashumi eminyaka", Guardian (Matshi 2018). Ifumaneka apha: shorturl.at/akzPY
4 Gro Harlem Brundtland, INgxelo yeKomishoni yeHlabathi yokuSingqongileyo noPhuhliso: Ikamva Lethu Elifanayo. IZizwe eziManyeneyo, ngo-1987.
5 U-Edward O Wilson, "I-Bottleneck", Scientific American (Februwari 2002): 83-91. Ifumaneka apha: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-bottleneck/
6 uMark Dowie, Iimbacu zoLondolozo: Inkulungwane yeNgxwabangxwaba phakathi koLondolozo lweHlabathi kunye nabantu bomthonyama (Boston: MIT Press, 2011).
7 uMelissa Nelson, Imiyalelo yokuqala a Ikamva eliZinzileyo (Rochester, Vt.: Bear & Company, 2008).
8 URobin Wall Kimmerer, Ukuluka Sweetgrass (Minneapolis, MN: IMilkweed Editions, 2013).
9 uLynn Margulis, IPlanethi yeSymbiotic: Ujongo olutsha kwiNdalo (ENew York: Iincwadi ezisisiseko, ngo-1998).
Uluhlu lwemifanekiso
Umzobo 1 Umbono wesacerd iMahagiri irayisi yerayisi, inxalenye encinci yenkqubo yezolimo yeminyaka eliwaka eyaziwa ngokuba yi-subak, ekhethekileyo kwisiqithi saseBali, e-Indonesia. ©David Lazar
Umzobo 2 Umgca wemingxuma eyonakaliswayo evuleke ngokulinganayo phezu komphezulu wentlango ukusuka kwiiNtaba ze-Elburz eziphakamileyo ukuya kumaThafa ase-Iraq kwaye bubungqina kuphela bomsinga wamanzi ongabonakaliyo, ongaphantsi komhlaba owenziwe ngumntu obizwa ngokuba yiqanat, owaqala ukwakhiwa AmaPersi kwiminyaka yokuqala yenkulungwane yokuqala ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo. ©Alireza Teimoury
Isazobe 3 Kwimigxobhozo eseMazantsi e-Iraq, yonke indlu yaseMa'dan eyaziwa ngokuba yi-mudhif, eyakhiwe ngokupheleleyo ngengcongolo yeqasab ngaphandle kokusebenzisa udaka okanye izikhonkwane, inokuthotywa ize imiswe kwakhona ngosuku. ©Jassim Alasadi
Umfanekiso wesi-4 ILas Islas Flotantes yinkqubo yesiqithi esidadayo kwiLake Titicaca ePeru ehlala iiUros, ezakha impucuko yazo yonke ukusuka kwingcongolo yetotora ekhuliswa ekuhlaleni. ©Enrique Castro-Mendivil
Umzobo 5 Ingcongolo yeQasab kudala yasebenza njengempahla ekrwada amakhaya, imisebenzi yezandla, izixhobo, kunye nefula yezilwanyana ezinodaka olwahlukileyo. izindlu yabantu baseMa'dan abavela kwimizobo yaseSumeri ukusuka kumawaka amahlanu eminyaka eyadlulayo. ©Esme Allen
Umzobo 6 Umlobi oselula uhamba phantsi kwebhulorho ephilayo kwilali yaseMawlynnong, eIndiya. Kwimfumba engayekiyo yehlathi laseMeghalaya abantu baseKhasi basebenzise iingcambu eziqeqeshekayo zemithi yerabha ukukhulisa iJingkieng Dieng Jri iibhulorho zeengcambu ezihlala phezu kwemilambo kangangeenkulungwane. ©Amos Chapple
Bio
Umyili, umlweli, isifundiswa kunye nombhali, uJulia Watson yingcaphephe ekhokelayo kubuchwephesha obusekwe kwindalo yemveli. Umsebenzi wakhe ongaqhelekanga wakhokelela kuphando, ukubhala, kunye neeprojekthi zokuyila eziphefumlelwe ngabahambi kwiindawo zemveli, ngelixa imfundo yakhe esemthethweni yakhokelela kwizikhundla zokufundisa eHarvard, Columbia, RISD, kunye neeyunivesithi zaseRensselaer. Umsebenzi kaJulia upapashwe ngokubanzi kwiijenali ezifana ne-SPOOL, i-Topos Journal, kunye ne-Indigenous Peoples kunye ne-Climate Technologies Guidebook. Ngo-2019 wapapasha Lo-TEK. Umsebenzi we-studio kaJulia ubandakanya ukuthetha, ukubhala, i-landscape architecture kunye uyilo lweedolophini, ecaleni kokubonisana nangekamva kwiinkampani zeFortune 500. Uye wabamba ubudlelane kunye neSummit REALITY & Pop!tech, wafumana igranti yeChristensen Fund, ibhaso lika-Arnold W. Brunner kuPhando lwezoBugcisa, iBhunga laseNew York State of the Arts Architecture + Design ibhaso, kwaye ws a Ukuphazamiseka NguNozakuzaku woYilo we-WIRED.
“Siqalisa ukuqonda impoxo enkulu yokutshintsha kwemozulu: ukuba abona bantu bachaphazeleka kakhulu kuko badla ngokwenza okona kuncinane ukukubangela.” Okungaxutyushwanga kangako kukuba uninzi lwabo bantu lukwanabo nobugcisa, intanda-bulumko nolwazi olwalunokuthintela ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, ukungalawuleki. zendle, nabafayo iingxondorha zekorale ekuqaleni. Bangabantu abafana namaChagga eTanzania, aneenkqubo zokulima amahlathi axhasa iMount Kilimanjaro iintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezityebileyo kwaye ondle abantu abakhula ngokukhawuleza. Okanye iKayapó ekwiAmazon Basin, abasebenzisa umlilo ukulima izityalo zabo, bawuzalise umhlaba, baze bakhusele umhlaba wabo ekugawulweni kwamahlathi. E-Iran, amaPersi aphuhlise i-qanats, okanye imisele engaphantsi komhlaba, esebenza njengeefoil zendalo kwiimpompo zethu ezithatha amandla amakhulu kunye namaqula. Kukwakho namaKhasi aseMeghalaya, eIndiya—eyaziwa njengeyona ndawo inamanzi amaninzi emhlabeni—abanesicombululo sokuhamba ngeemvula ezinkulu neemvula ezinkulu: Baqeqeshe imikhiwane yerabha ukuba ikhule ngapha kwemilambo. Ebudeni bamashumi eminyaka, iingcambu ezinkulu ziyakhula, zidibanise, kwaye zomeleze kwiibhulorho kuphela-zendalo okanye ngenye indlela-ezinokumelana nokunyuka kwamanzi kunye nezivunguvungu ezinamandla. Aba ngabantu ababesamkela ulimo oluhlaziyayo, ukuphila ngenkunkuma eyizero, kunye izisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo kudala ngaphambi kokuba babe ngama-buzzwords angama-2020. Umyili wezakhiwo, umyili womhlaba, kunye nonjingalwazi waseHarvard naseColumbia uJulia Watson bahambe kumazwe ali-18 iminyaka emithandathu bendwendwela olu luntu kwaye babhale iindlela zabo zokuphila kwincwadi yakhe entsha, Lo-TEK: Uyilo lweRadical Indigenism, epapashwe nguTaschen ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka. Ngaphandle kokukhanya kwiinkcubeko zabo kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha, uWatson ubonisa indlela iindlela zemveli ezixhamla ngayo iplanethi-kunye nendlela ezinokuthi zamkelwe ngayo kwihlabathi jikelele. ngxaki yemozulu. "
Ukuphonononga uYilo lweDolophu yeVancouver kunye no-Alexandra Steed
1 konyaka[…] Imingeni yoxinaniso: Njengoko isixeko sikhula, i-Alexandra iphakamisa iinkxalabo malunga nokunqongophala kweziseko zophuhliso eziluqilima zokumelana nokwanda kwamanzi esiphango kunye nokukhusela izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. […]
Feljin Jose KwiSakhiwo seZitrato eziLungele iMozulu, amakhaya, uloliwe
kwiinyanga 4 ezidlulileyoqhagamshela i-DART+, iMetroLink kunye neebhasi ezingcono kwindawo eyakhiweyo: amakhaya axineneyo kufutshane nezikhululo, ukuhamba okukhuselekileyo nokukhwela ibhayisekile, izitrato eziphambili ezihlaziyiweyo, kunye neendawo zikawonke-wonke […]
Amagqabantshintshi zivaliwe.