I-Perovskite-Silicon Tandem Photovoltaics: Ngaba balikamva laMandla eSola?

Ukukhangela amandla acocekileyo kukhokelele kubuchwepheshe obutsha: i-perovskite-silicon tandem photovoltaics. lo ezintsha itshintsha ihlabathi lamandla elanga. Isebenza kakuhle kwaye iyafikeleleka, iyenza ibe ngumdlali ophambili kwikamva le Amandla esola¹.

Iiseli zelanga zePerovskite zenze imitsi emikhulu. Ngo-2006, bebekwi-3 pesenti yokusebenza kakuhle. Ngoku, bafikelele kuma-26 ekhulwini¹. IHanwha Qcells kunye neHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) yade yabetha i-29.9 yeepesenti yokusebenza ngo-Epreli ka-2023.¹.

• I-Perovskite-silicon tandem photovoltaics baye babonisa ukuphuculwa kobuchule obukhawulezayo, bafikelela ngaphezu kwe-25% kwizicwangciso zaselabhorethri, xa kuthelekiswa neeseli zesilicon ezingcono.
• Iiseli zelanga ze-Perovskite zibonelela ngenkqubo yokuvelisa indleko esebenzayo xa kuthelekiswa neeseli ze-silicon zendabuko, ezinobuchule obufana nokulungiswa kwesisombululo, ukuprintwa, kunye nokubekwa komphunga okukhawulezayo kwaye okulungele ukuveliswa kobuninzi.
• Iiseli zelanga ze-Perovskite zibonisa i-bandgaps ezinokuthi ziqhutywe, zivumela ukulungelelaniswa kweempawu zabo ze-photovoltaic ukuze zihambelane neemeko ezahlukeneyo zokukhanyisa ngokuguqula ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali.
• Uzinzo kunye nokuqina kweeseli zelanga ze-perovskite zihlala zingumngeni, njengoko ziyakwazi ukuthotywa kwizinto ezingqongileyo ezifana nokufuma, i-oksijini kunye nokukhanya kwe-UV.
• Ukuseka imimiselo ecacileyo kunye nemigangatho yokuveliswa kweeseli zelanga ze-perovskite kunye nokulahlwa kubalulekile ekusebenziseni okukhuselekileyo kunye noxanduva lobu buchwepheshe.

I-silicon ibe ngundoqo kwiiseli zelanga, iphucula ukusuka kwi-15% kwi-1950 ukuya phantse kwi-28% namhlanje.². Ubuninzi bayo yenze ukuba itekhnoloji esekwe kwisilicon ilawule imarike². Iiseli ze-silicon ze-Monocrystalline zivelele ngokusebenza kwazo okuphezulu, ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo esifanayo².

Izixhobo ezintsha kunye neetekhnoloji ziyafuneka ukuze zibengcono Amandla esola. Iiseli zelanga ezisekelwe kwi-Perovskite zibonisa isithembiso esikhulu. Baye bafikelela kwi-29.4% yokusebenza kakuhle kwiimvavanyo zelebhu, bebetha umda we-silicon³. Esona siphumo siphezulu sovavanyo lwelebhu yeeseli ze-perovskite-silicon yi-31.3%³. Kwiiseli ezinkulu, ukuphumelela kwe-22.5% kuye kwaphunyezwa ngokusebenzisa iindlela zoshishino³.

Ukuhamba ukusuka kwi-silicon ukuya kwiiseli ezisekelwe kwi-perovskite linyathelo elikhulu eliya phambili. Iitekhnoloji ezintsha ezifana ne-PERC kunye neeseli ze-bifacial ziye zaphucula iiseli ze-silicon. Zihlala ixesha elide kwaye zisebenza ngcono kumakhaya kunye namashishini².

Kukho ukutyhala okunamandla kokungcono, ngexabiso eliphantsi Amandla esola. Iiseli zePerovskite zikhokela indlela. Banokubetha ngaphezulu kwe-30% yokusebenza kakuhle xa zidityaniswe nesilicon⁴.

Iiseli zeTandem zidibanisa izixhobo zokubetha imida yokudibanisa enye. Babone ukuphucuka okukhulu, ukufikelela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-28.1%.². Iiseli ze-silicon ezinqabileyo zekristali nazo ziyaphononongwa njengokhetho olusebenzayo².

Uhambo olusuka kwi-silicon ukuya kwiiseli ezisekwe kwi-perovskite ngumtsi omkhulu. Ibonisa ukuqhuba kwamandla elanga angcono, angabizi kakhulu. Ikamva lijongeka liqaqambile ngezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye neeseli ze-tandem²³⁴.

Izinto zePerovskite zinesakhiwo esikhethekileyo sekristale esitshintshe umdlalo kwi ukwenziwa kombane okuzinzileyo⁵. Zinelungiselelo elifanayo le-athomu kwi-mineral perovskite (CaTiO₃), ekhokelela ekufakeni ukukhanya okukhulu kunye nokuthutha intlawulo efanelekileyo.⁵. Ezi zixhobo zinokwenziwa kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezifikelelekayo ezisekwe kwisisombululo, zizenze zingabizi kwaye zihlaziywe ngakumbi kuneeseli zelanga esekwe kwisilicon.⁵.

Amandla abo okuvelisa imveliso enkulu ngeendleko eziphantsi, kunye nokusebenza kwabo okumangalisayo kwe-photovoltaic, kuphawula impumelelo enkulu kwitekhnoloji yelanga.⁵. Iiseli zelanga zePerovskite zibone umtsi omkhulu ekusebenzeni kakuhle, ukusuka malunga ne-3% ngo-2009 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-29% namhlanje.⁵. Bade bafikelela kwimpumelelo yelebhu engaphezulu kwe-33%, bebetha iiseli ze-silicon zemveli⁵.

Amanani okusebenza kwi-perovskite iiphaneli zesola baye baxhuma ukusuka kwi-10 ukuya kuma-20 ekhulwini kwiminyaka nje emibini⁵. Okona kusebenza kakuhle kweeseli zelebhu kubethe i-20%⁵. Abahlalutyi bakholelwa ukuba ukuveliswa kobuninzi beeseli zelanga ze-perovskite kuya kuqala kungekudala, kugxininise ekunyuseni imveliso⁵. Oku kungundoqo wokwamkelwa ngokubanzi kobu buchwepheshe butsha.

Iiseli zelanga zePerovskite nazo zineenzuzo ezizodwa, njengokukhaphukhaphu kunye nokuguquguquka⁵. Oku kuzivumela ukuba zisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa neziguquguqukayo kunye nezithungayo⁵. Oku kuguquguqukayo kuvula amathuba amatsha okusebenzisa izisombululo zelanga ezisekelwe kwi-perovskite kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-photovoltaics edibeneyo yesakhiwo ukuya kwi-elektroniki ephathekayo.

Xa kuthelekiswa neepaneli zelanga esekwe kwisilicon, iiseli zelanga ze-perovskite zenze umtsi omkhulu ekusebenzeni kakuhle.⁵. Ngelixa iiphaneli ze-silicon zinokufikelela kuphela malunga ne-29% yokusebenza kakuhle, iiseli ze-perovskite ziye zabetha ukusebenza kwelebhu ngaphezulu kwe-33%.⁵. Oku kungenxa yesakhiwo sabo sekristale, esivumela ukuba kubekho i-motilities ephezulu yokuthwala intlawulo kunye nobude obude bokusabalalisa. Oku kuthetha ukuba ii-electron zinokuhamba ngakumbi kwiiseli zelanga ezityebileyo, zenze umbane ongaphezulu⁵.

Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi basebenza nzima ukuxazulula imiba yokuzinza kunye neepaneli zelanga ze-perovskite⁵. Ezi zixhobo ziyakwazi ukunyamezela ukufuma kunye nobushushu⁵. Nje ukuba le miqobo yobugcisa yoyiswe, ukuveliswa kwamandla asekwe kwi-perovskite kunokufikelela kwisakhono sawo esipheleleyo, okukhokelela kwikamva lamandla elizinzileyo.

Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zezixhobo ze-perovskite, kunye neendleko-zokusebenza kunye nokulinganisa, zibenza batshintshe umdlalo ukwenziwa kombane okuzinzileyo⁵. Njengoko uphando kunye nophuhliso luqhubeka luqhubela phambili, izisombululo zelanga ezisekwe kwi-perovskite zisetelwe ukuguqula imeko yamandla ehlabathi.⁵.

Ngaphezu koko, ukwakhiwa kweeseli ze-perovskite kubenza bakwazi ukuba ne-motilities ye-charge-carrier-carrier kunye nobude obude bokusasazwa, okuvumela ukuhamba kwee-electron kwiiseli ezinzulu zelanga, ukuvelisa umbane ongaphezulu.⁵. Ngokutshintsha ukubunjwa kwe-compound yeeseli ze-perovskite, zinokwenziwa nawuphi na umbala, olungele ukwakha-izicelo ezidibeneyo ze-photovoltaic.⁵.

Ukusebenza kwe-PV ye-Perovskite kuye kwanda ukusuka kwi-2% kwi-2006 ukuya kwi-20.1% kwi-2015.⁶. Imarike ye-PV ye-perovskite kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kwi-214 yezigidi zeedola 2025⁶. Ngelixa iiseli ze-silicon PV zihlala zisebenza kakuhle kwi-15-20%, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-perovskite kunokuya phezulu.⁶. Oku kungenxa yokuba iiseli zelanga ze-perovskite zinokufunxa uluhlu olubanzi lokukhanya xa kuthelekiswa ne-silicon⁶.

Iiseli zelanga ze-Perovskite zikwabonelela ngeenzuzo ezifana nokuguquguquka, ukucaca okuncinci, ifilimu encinci indalo, ukukhanya-ubunzima, kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokulungisa⁶. Kodwa, bajongana nemingeni efana nokuqina, uzinzo, ukusebenza kakubi kwiimeko ezifumileyo, kunye nomngcipheko wongcoliseko lwelothe xa ulahlwa.⁶.

Isishwankathelo, izinto ze-perovskite zitshintsha umdlalo kwizisombululo zamandla ezizinzileyo⁵. Ukusebenza kweendleko zabo kunye nokubanakho ukuveliswa kwamandla aphezulu kubenza babe ngumdlali obalulekileyo kwixesha elizayo lamandla⁵. Njengoko uphando lujongene nemingeni eseleyo, ikusasa leteknoloji yelanga esekelwe kwi-perovskite ibonakala ithembisa kakhulu⁵.

Izinto zePerovskite zinesakhiwo esikhethekileyo se-crystal, esifana ne-mineral efunyenwe kuyo Rhashiya ngo-1839. Zenziwe ngeeathom ze-organic kunye ne-inorganic ezidityaniswe nelothe okanye iiathom zetoti. Oku kudala isakhelo esisodwa⁷.

Ukusebenza kweeseli zelanga ze-perovskite kuye kwanda malunga ne-3% kwi-2006 ukuya kwi-25.2% namhlanje. Ngeli xesha, iiseli ze-silicon zelanga zihlala kuma-27%⁷. Iiseli ze-silicon-perovskite ze-Tandem ziye zabetha i-29.1% yokusebenza kakuhle, kunye neenguqulelo zorhwebo kulindeleke ukuba zifikelele kwi-24%.

Ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali ezikhethekileyo zezinto ze-perovskite zibenza zibe zikhulu kwiiseli zelanga⁸. Ukususela ngo-2009, izazinzulu bezisebenzela ukuziphucula ukuze zisetyenziswe kwilanga⁸. Izinto ezingcono kakhulu ze-perovskite ngoku zinokufezekisa ukuguqulwa kwamandla okusebenza kakuhle malunga ne-31%⁸.

Iiseli ze-Perovskite-silicon tandem sele zifikelele kwimpumelelo yokuguqulwa kwe-26%⁸.

Izinto zePerovskite zinenzuzo enkulu: i-bandgap yabo ingatshintshwa⁸. Iiseli zelanga ze-silicon zine-bandgap yethiyori malunga ne-1.2 eV, enokusebenza okuphezulu malunga ne-32%⁸. I-bandgap efanelekileyo ye-perovskites malunga ne-1.7 eV yeyona ndlela isebenzayo⁹.

Ukutshintsha i-perovskite bandgap ngokutshintsha iodine kunye ne-bromine kunokunceda ukufikelela kule nto ifanelekileyo⁹.

Izinto zePerovskite nazo zinkulu ekuthabatheni ukukhanya, okubalulekileyo ekuguquleni amandla ngokufanelekileyo⁷. Amachaphaza e-perovskite quantum kaDkt Daniel Gamelin anokuphinda kabini ukusebenza kakuhle kweeseli zelanga, ukufikelela kwi-66%. Oku kukutsiba okukhulu ukusuka kwiiseli ze-silicon' 33% ubuninzi bokusebenza kwethiyori⁷.

Isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele kunye neepropati ezihlengahlengiswayo zezixhobo ze-perovskite ziyi-game-changer kwi-photovoltaics. Banikezela ngoguqulo olungcono lwamandla kwaye banokufikeleleka ngakumbi⁷. Njengoko iiphaneli zelanga ze-perovskite zifumaneka ngakumbi, zinokufumana ixabiso eliphantsi. Oku kunokwenza ukuba ufakelo lwelanga lufikeleleke ngakumbi ebantwini⁷.

Iiseli zelanga zePerovskite ziye zatshintsha ihlabathi lamandla elanga. Bayakwazi ukwenza iteknoloji yefilimu encinci Ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu kuneeseli ezindala ze-silicon. Ezi zixhobo zitsha zenziwa kusetyenziswa iindlela ezifana nokulungiswa kwesisombululo kunye nokushicilela, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuyivelisa ngezixa ezikhulu¹⁰.

Ngokungafaniyo ne-silicon, ukwenza iiseli ze-perovskite kulula. Uxuba nje imichiza kwaye unxibe umphezulu. Oku kubenza kungabizi kakhulu ukwenza¹⁰. Oku kunokwenza amandla elanga afikeleleke ngakumbi, ancede ukuba adume ngakumbi kwaye aqhubeke¹⁰.

Izinto ze-Perovskite zinokusebenza kunye neeseli ze-silicon, zenza izixhobo ezingcono zelanga¹⁰. Ezi seli ze-hybrid zisebenzisa i-perovskites ukubamba ukukhanya okungcono kunye ne-silicon ngeendleko-zokusebenza¹⁰. Ngokusebenzisa ii-silicon wafers ezinexabiso eliphantsi, ezi tandem zinokucutha ixabiso lamandla elanga nge-15-20%¹⁰.

Iiseli ze-Perovskite-silicon tandem zinokutshintsha ishishini lelanga¹⁰. Zidibanisa ezona zinto zibalaseleyo zehlabathi, zithembisa amandla elanga asebenzayo kwaye afikelelekayo. Oku kunokukhokelela kwikamva eliluhlaza kubo bonke¹⁰.

I-Perovskite-silicon tandem photovoltaics ikhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kwamandla elanga. Baxuba izinto ze-perovskite kunye neeseli ze-silicon zendabuko. Oku kudala isisombululo samandla elanga esisebenza kakuhle kwaye esinexabiso eliphantsi.

Itekhnoloji engundoqo ibeka umaleko we-perovskite ngaphezulu kweseli ye-silicon. Olu cwangciso lubamba uluhlu olubanzi lokukhanya. Inyusa ngokupheleleyo amandla okuguqula amandla.

Umgaqo osebenzayo we-perovskite-silicon tandem photovoltaics isekelwe kumandla ezinto zombini. I-Perovskites ifunxa iifotoni zamandla aphezulu kakuhle. I-silicon, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingcono kwiifotoni zamandla aphantsi.

Ngokudibanisa le maleko, i-tandem structure isebenzisa ngakumbi i-spectrum yelanga. Oku kukhokelela ekuveliseni umbane ngcono.

Iinzuzo ezisebenzayo ze-perovskite-silicon tandem photovoltaics zibalulekile. Baye bafezekisa ukuguqulwa kwamandla okusebenza kakuhle kwe-33.89%¹¹. Oku kodlula umda omnye we-Shockley-Queisser we-33.7%¹².

Into yokuzalisa ezi zixhobo ze-tandem ibethe i-83.0%, kwaye i-voltage ye-open-circuit isondele kwi-1.97 V.¹¹. Lo msebenzi uphezulu uvela kwi-bandgap egqibeleleyo yokulungelelanisa phakathi kwe-perovskite kunye ne-silicon. Ivumela ukuthathwa ngokufanelekileyo ngakumbi kwi-spectrum yelanga.

Umlinganiselo weendleko zokusebenza kwe-perovskite-silicon tandem photovoltaics yinzuzo enkulu. Imveliso enexabiso eliphantsi leengqimba ze-perovskite, ezidityaniswe nokusebenza kakuhle kwesakhiwo se-tandem, ibonelela ngexabiso elingcono kumandla ombane kuneeseli ze-silicon zelanga.¹².

Oku kwenza itekhnoloji ye-perovskite-silicon tandem ibe nomtsalane kusetyenziso olwahlukeneyo. Ifanelekile kwiifama zelanga ze-utility-scale, i-photovoltaics edibeneyo yesakhiwo (BIPV), kunye nezithuthi zombane (EV).

Iiseli zelanga ze-Perovskite tandem zibonise ukuphumelela okuthembisayo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zeeseli zelanga; umzekelo, i-perovskite-silicon tandem iphumelele ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-33.9%, igqithise iiseli zelanga ze-silicon enye kwi-26.7%.¹²

Iiseli zelanga zePerovskite zenze inkqubela enkulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Bafikelele kwimpumelelo yeerekhodi zelebhu ngaphezulu kwe-25%¹³. Oku kuyancomeka, ngakumbi kuba baphandwa kuphela ukusukela ngo-2013¹³. Umda wethiyori wezi seli ujikeleze i-31%, kufutshane nomda we-silicon's 32%.¹⁴.

Iiseli ze-Perovskite-silicon tandem nazo zibonisa isithembiso esikhulu. Bafike kwirekhodi yehlabathi yokusebenza kakuhle kwe-34.6% ngoJuni ka-2024¹⁴. Abanye baqikelela ukuba ezi seli zinokufikelela kubuchule obumangalisayo obungama-50% kwixesha elizayo¹³.

I-Perovskite kunye neeseli zelanga ze-tandem zitshintsha umdlalo umoya ovuselelekayo. Ngophando oluqhubekayo, sinokujonga phambili kwimpumelelo engakumbi.

Umda wethiyori weeseli zelanga zesilicon, umda weShockley-Queisser, umalunga nama-32%. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kakuhle kweephaneli zelanga ze-silicon zorhwebo kuthintelwe ngakumbi malunga ne-20% ngenxa yelahleko yeparasitic ebangelwa kukungabikho kokulungileyo. ”¹⁴

I-Perovskite-silicon tandem photovoltaics inokutshintsha indlela esenza ngayo amandla. Kodwa kufuneka sijonge impembelelo yabo kwi indawo kwaye ukuba zizinzileyo. Ezi seli zitsha zelanga zinokusinceda sisebenzise ngakumbi umoya ovuselelekayo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amaxhala malunga nokwakheka kwazo kunye nendlela ezenziwe ngayo¹⁵.

Uphononongo lubonisa iiseli zelanga ze-perovskite kuphela ze-tandem zineencinci ezincinci Imibhalo yenyawo yekhabhoni kunabanye¹⁶. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukwenza izinto ze-perovskite zisebenzisa amandla amancinci kune-silicon-based based¹⁶.

Kukho inkxalabo enkulu malunga neeseli zelanga ze-perovskite kuba zihlala zinelothe. Ilothe iyingozi kakhulu kwaye inokuba yingozi ukuba ayiphathwa ngononophelo ngexesha lomjikelo wobomi beepaneli zelanga¹⁵. Izazinzulu zisebenza nzima ukufumana iinketho ezingenalo ukhokelo okanye iindlela zokugcina ukhokelo ngokukhuselekileyo¹⁵.

Ukuba iiseli zelanga ze-perovskite zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe njani kusafundwa. Iiphaneli zeSilicon ziphulukana nokusebenza kakuhle kwaye zifuna ukutshintshwa, kodwa ezo perovskite zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe¹⁶. Kodwa, ukwenza ukuphinda kusetyenziswe iiseli ze-perovskite zibe nkulu kwaye zizinzileyo kusengumsebenzi oqhubekayo¹⁶.

Njengoko siqhubela phambili, kubalulekile ukucinga ngokusingqongileyo kunye nokuzinza yeperovskite-silicon tandem photovoltaics. Kufuneka sijongane nemiba yezinto ezinobungozi, i-carbon footprint, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwakhona. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba obu bugcisa busetyenziswa ngendlela elungileyo kwisijikelezi-langa sethu¹⁵.

"Ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokuvelisa ezinobungozi kwiiseli zelanga ze-perovskite kubalulekile kwimveliso ezinzileyo ye-tandem yelanga."¹⁶

Perovskite iiseli ze-photovoltaic bajongane nemiceli mngeni emikhulu kwixesha elide. Ziyakwazi ukuphuka xa zibonakaliswe kumswakama, i-oksijini, kunye nokukhanya kwe-UV. Oku kubenza bangasebenzi kakuhle ekuhambeni kwexesha¹⁷. Ukuze baphumelele, kufuneka bahlale ixesha elide njengeeseli ze-silicon zelanga, ezinokusebenza kakuhle iminyaka engama-25 okanye ngaphezulu.

Iingcali zenzululwazi zisebenza nzima ukwenza iiseli zelanga ze-perovskite zizinze ngakumbi. Bajonga izinto ezintsha kunye neendlela ezingcono zokuzikhusela¹⁸. Injongo kukudala tandem iiseli photovoltaic ezihlala ixesha elide njengeepaneli ze-silicon kodwa zisebenza ngcono ekwenzeni amandla azinzileyo.

• Iiseli zelanga ze-Perovskite-silicon tandem zifikelele kuguqulo lwamandla achukumisayo, kunye nezinye iiprototypes zodlula amanqaku angama-29%.¹⁸.
• Uhlalutyo lomjikelo wobomi Izifundo zibonise ukuba iiseli zelanga ze-perovskite-silicon tandem zibonisa indawo esezantsi yekhabhoni xa kuthelekiswa neepaneli zelanga zesilicon.¹⁸.
• Ubuchule bokubeka obunokwehla obufana ne-inkjet okanye i-roll-to-roll yoshicilelo lubonise isithembiso ekufezekiseni umsebenzi ohambelanayo kwizixhobo zommandla omkhulu.¹⁸.

Ukubanakho kweeseli zelanga ze-perovskite-silicon tandem zikhulu, kodwa zijongene nemingeni emikhulu¹⁷. Ishishini kufuneka lizisombulule ezi ngxaki ukuze libe lukhetho oluthembekileyo ukwenziwa kombane okuzinzileyo. Uphando oluqhubekayo lungundoqo ekwenzeni le teknoloji ibe yimpumelelo.

"Ukufezekisa uzinzo lwexesha elide kunye nokuqina yigrail engcwele yeeseli zelanga ze-perovskite, kwaye ngumngeni ukuba uluntu lophando lusebenza nzima ukuyisombulula."

– UGqr Emily Johnson, iSolar Energy Research Institute¹⁷¹⁸

Iiseli zelanga ze-Perovskite zisebenza ngakumbi kwishishini, nge Iingcali besithi banokufika kwimarike kungekudala. Njengoko bephucuka, baya kujongana neengxaki ezimbalwa ekuzenzeni. Oku kunokukhokelela ekubeni abantu abaninzi bawasebenzisele amandla elanga¹⁹.

Abantu bacinga ukuba itekhnoloji yelanga ye-perovskite iya kukhula kuba inexabiso eliphantsi kwaye isebenza ngakumbi kuneeseli ze-silicon ezindala¹⁹. Kodwa, imakethi yesilicon inkulu kwaye yomelele. I-Perovskite idinga ukubonisa ukuba yomelele kwaye ikhuselekile ukuba iplanethi iphumelele abathengi abaninzi²⁰.

Iiseli zelanga ze-Perovskite ziphuculwe ngokwenene, zisuka kwi-3.8% kwi-2009 ukuya kwi-22.7% ngoku.¹⁹. I-Oxford PV yenza irekhodi entsha nge-25.2% yeseli esebenzayo¹⁹. Oku kwenze abantu abaninzi kwishishini babe nemincili, kwaye basebenza kwiiseli ezingcono nangakumbi¹⁹.

Nditsho neeseli zesilicon ezingcono zifumana kuphela malunga ne-22% esebenzayo, kodwa iiseli ze-tandem zidlule ngaphezulu kwe-24%¹⁹. Iiseli ze-Oxford PV nazo ziphumelele iimvavanyo ezinzima kwaye zasebenza kakuhle kwiimeko ezinzima¹⁹.

Inkampani iphinde yenze i-lead kwi-perovskites ikhuselekile, kunye neseli nganye isebenzisa kuphela i-0.3 g yelothe kwi-square meter.¹⁹. A isifundo yabonisa ukuba nokuba ingavuza yonke ilothe, ibiya kukhuseleka kakhulu kokusingqongileyo¹⁹. La manyathelo enze iiseli ze-perovskite-silicon tandem zibe nomtsalane ngakumbi kwintengiso.

"Ukwenza i-silicon solar panels kufuna amandla amakhulu kunye nemathiriyeli kuneeseli ze-perovskite, kunye neepaneli zesilicon ezithatha iminyaka emithathu yemveliso ye-silicon yangoku yehlabathi ukuvelisa amandla e-12.5 terawatts, ngelixa ukufumana amandla afanayo kunye ne-perovskites kuya kuthatha iintsuku ezimbalwa. yemveliso yelothe.”¹⁹

I-Perovskite-silicon tandem photovoltaics isondela ekubeni yinto enkulu kumandla elanga. Ziya zibangcono, zitshiphu, kwaye zikhuselekile kwiplanethi. Njengoko beqhubeka bephucuka, banokutshintsha indlela esenza ngayo umoya ovuselelekayo.

I-Perovskite photovoltaics ibone ukuxhuma okukhulu kwiminyaka yamuva. Izazinzulu ehlabathini lonke zisebenza kwizicombululo ezitsha zokoyisa imiqobo emikhulu. Bajolise ekwenzeni i-perovskite / i-silicon tandem iiseli zelanga zibe ngcono²¹.

Ukuphucula isixhobo uyilo, ukunyusa, kunye nokubenza ngundoqo. Kwakhona, ukwenza ukuba bahlale ixesha elide kwaye basebenze kakuhle ngaphandle kuyinjongo enkulu²¹. Bakwajonge ukwenza ezi seli zelanga zigcineke ngakumbi kwaye kulula ukuzisebenzisa kwakhona²¹.

Ngokudibanisa i-perovskite kunye ne-silicon, baye babona inzuzo enkulu ekusebenzeni kakuhle. Eyona perovskite / i-silicon tandem iiseli zelanga ngoku zifikelela kwi-31.5%.²². Baphinde babetha i-28.3% yokusebenza kakuhle kwii-silicone wafers ezinkulu²².

Iingcali zicinga ukuba i-perovskite/HJT tandem iiseli zelanga ziya kubetha ngaphezulu kwe-32% yokusebenza kakuhle ngo-2025.²². Imida yethiyori icebisa ukuba bangaya phezulu nangaphezulu, ngaphezulu kwama-42%²².

Iindlela ezintsha ezifana ne-solvent Zobunjineli kwaye kusetyenziswa ukukhazimliswa komphezulu. I-long-chain surfactants inceda ukugcina i-perovskite/silicon tandems zizinzile²¹. Abaphandi bajonge kwi-perovskites ye-tin-lead edibeneyo yokusebenza kakuhle²¹.

Ezi mpu melelo kwabelwane ngazo kwiijenali eziphezulu zenzululwazi²¹. Ikamva lamandla elanga libukeka liqaqambile, kunye ne-perovskite-silicon tandem photovoltaics ehamba phambili.

Amandla elanga akhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ukuxuba iiseli zelanga ze-perovskite kunye neenkqubo zakudala zelanga zinomdla kwaye zikhohlisayo. Iiseli zePerovskite ziba ngcono, mhlawumbi zingcono kune-silicon²³. Kutshiphu ukuzenza, enkosi kwiindlela ezintsha ezifana nokulungisa isisombululo kunye noshicilelo²³.

Kodwa, kukho imingeni emikhulu. Iiseli ze-Perovskite kunye ne-silicon zisebenza ngokwahlukileyo, zichaphazela indlela esebenza ngayo kunye. Iiseli zelanga zeTandem, ezixuba izixhobo, zinokusebenza ngakumbi²³. Ngale ndlela, sinokusebenzisa zombini i-perovskite kunye ne-silicon kunye, senze izinto zibe ngcono²³.

Ukusebenzisa i-perovskite-silicon tandem iiseli zelanga yintshukumo elumkileyo. Isenza ukuba sihlaziye iipaneli zelanga ezindala ngokulula, ngaphandle kokutshintsha kakhulu²³. Njengoko i-perovskite tech iba ngcono kwaye imali eninzi iya kumandla acocekileyo²⁴, ukuxuba ezi seli zitsha kunye neenkqubo ezindala kunokuba ngundoqo kwikamva eliluhlaza.

"Iiseli zelanga zeTandem zinokufikelela kubuchule obuphezulu xa kuthelekiswa neeseli zelanga ezidibeneyo ngokudibanisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu zokufunxa ezihambelanayo."²³

Iiseli zelanga zePerovskite zisetelwe ukutshintsha umdlalo kwiindawo ezininzi. Zingenziwa zibe bhetyebhetye kwaye zilula, zilungele igajethi, iitshaja eziphathwayo, kunye nempahla²⁵. Ukukwazi kwabo ukuziqhelanisa neemfuno ezahlukeneyo kuthetha ukuba banokusebenza kakuhle ngaphakathi okanye emajukujukwini²⁵. Oku kunokwenza amandla ahlaziyekayo afikeleleke ngakumbi kumakhaya, kumashishini, ezimotweni nakwiindawo ezikude²⁵.

Ezi seli zelanga zifikelele ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kwe-26.1%²⁵. Oku kulungile njengeeseli ze-silicon eziphezulu zelanga kwimarike²⁵. Kodwa, basajongene nemiba enjengokuhlala ixesha elide kwaye bafikeleleke ngakumbi²⁵.

Izazinzulu zisebenza nzima ukuphucula ezi seli. Bafuna ukwenza iikristale zibe ngcono, balungise iziphene, kwaye bafumane amandla amaninzi kubo²⁵. Ukutshintsha i-bandgap yemathiriyeli yenye yeendlela zokunyusa ukusebenza kakuhle²⁵. Ukulawula indlela izinto zoma ngayo kukwangundoqo ekwenzeni iifilimu zibe zomelele kwaye zomelele²⁵.

Iiseli zelanga zePerovskite zinokuba ngcono. Banokufikelela kwimpumelelo yama-42% okanye ama-49% kuyilo olutsha²⁶. Sele, ukudibanisa kunye neeseli eziphilayo kubonise isithembiso esikhulu²⁶.

Ixesha elizayo luhlaza amandla abukeka eqaqambileyo, kunye neeseli zelanga ze-perovskite ezihamba phambili. Njengoko izazinzulu zijongana nocelomngeni oluseleyo, ezi seli zinokuba yinxalenye enkulu yethu ikamva elizinzileyo²⁵²⁶.

"Ikamva lamandla avuselelekayo linesithembiso esikhulu, kunye neeseli zelanga ze-perovskite eziphambili kolu tshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe."

Uphando kunye nenkxaso-mali yetekhnoloji yelanga ye-perovskite ibe nkulu kwihlabathi jikelele. Urhulumente wase-US ubeke izigidi kuphando lwe-perovskite. Ngo-2020, babenezigidi ezingama-20 zeedola kwiiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo²⁷. Inkqubo yeKhomishini yaseYurophu iHorizon 2020 nayo ibe ngundoqo. Incede ukuhambisa i-perovskite tech ukusuka kwiilebhu ukuya kwimarike²⁷.

Iinkqubo zikarhulumente zincede kakhulu ngeeseli zelanga ze-perovskite-silicon tandem. I-Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, ngenkxaso-mali yaseJamani, yabetha irekhodi lehlabathi le-32.5% ngo-2022.²⁸. Iqela leYunivesithi yasePotsdam kunye nabanye baye bavavanya ezi seli emajukujukwini. Bafumene iziphumo zakwangoko ezikhangeleka zilungile²⁸.

Iinkampani zabucala zikwatyala imali kwi-perovskite tech. I-Oxford PV yinkokeli ekwenzeni ukuba isebenze ukuze isetyenziswe ngokwenene. Bathengisa iimodyuli zokuqala ze-perovskite-silicon tandem solar, kunye neeseli ezingama-72 kwi-24.5% yokusebenza kakuhle.²⁷. Ezi modyuli zinokwenza i-20% yombane ngaphezulu kuneepaneli zesilicon eziqhelekileyo²⁷.

Imodyuli ye-Oxford PV inokusebenza okuphezulu kwi-26.9%²⁷. Bajonge ukwenza isityalo esikhulu ngo-2026-27. Oku kuya kunceda ukwenza i-perovskite solar tech ixhaphake ngakumbi²⁷.

1. Iiseli zeTandem zePerovskite: UkuKhanya kwikamva laMandla eSola - https://www.hanwha.com/newsroom/news/feature-stories/perovskite-tandem-cells-shedding-light-on-the-future-of-solar-energy.do
2. Ukuqhubela phambili kwi-Photovoltaic Cell Materials: I-Silicon, i-Organic, kunye ne-Perovskite iiseli zeSola - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10934213/
3. Ukuqhubela phambili i-Perovskite-Silicon Tandem yeSeli yeSola kunye neTekhnoloji yeModyuli ukuya kuBuchule boShishino-Fraunhofer ISE- https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/press-media/press-releases/2022/advancing-perovskite-silicon-tandem-solar-cell-and-module-technology.html
4. Inkqubela phambili yakutsha nje kwiPerovskite Tandem Solar Cells - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10305642/
5. Ukusebenza kakuhle kweeSeli zeSolar zePerovskite - https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/perovskite-solar
6. Isingeniso kwiPerovskites | I-Perovskite-Info- https://www.perovskite-info.com/introduction
7. I-Perovskite: Ukuguqula iShishini leSolar | Amandla Epic - https://www.thinkepic.com/solar/perovskite-revolutionizing-solar/
8. Iiseli zeSolar Perovskite: Kutheni ilikamva laMandla eSola- https://www.solarreviews.com/blog/are-perovskite-solar-cells-the-future-of-solar-power
9. UPhando oluKhokelwe yi-NREL kwiiseli ze-Perovskite-Silicon Tandem ibonisa iNdlela eNtsha yokuThatha- https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2020/nrel-led-research-into-perovskite-silicon-tandem-cells-shows-new-path.html
10. Imephu yendlela yexabiso elisebenzayo, i-perovskite silicon tandem yentengiso yangoku neyexesha elizayo - https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2020/se/c9se00948e
11. I-Perovskite / i-silicon tandem iiseli zelanga ezine-bilayer interface passivation-Indalo- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07997-7
12. Iiseli zeSolar zePerovskite Tandem- https://www.ossila.com/pages/perovskite-tandem-solar-cells
13. Eyona Tshati yoPhando-ngokuSebenzisa kweeSeli- https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html
14. Ukuqhawula iiRekhodi: I-Perovskite / i-Silicon Tandem i-Solar Cell Efficiency Inyuka ukuya kwi-34.6% ngoJuni ka-2024 - https://www.fluxim.com/perovskite-silicon-tandem-pv-record-updates
15. Iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo ze-III–V/silicon photovoltaics: uvavanyo lomjikelo wobomi kunye nesikhokelo sokwenziwa ngokuzinzileyo – https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2020/ee/d0ee01039a
16. Iminerali yePerovskite ixhasa ukugcinwa kwamandla elanga-amandla | Cornell Chronicle - https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2020/07/perovskite-mineral-supports-solar-energy-sustainability
17. Imiceli mngeni yozinzo kurhwebo lweeseli zelanga ze-perovskite-silicon tandem-Izixhobo zokuPhonononga iNdalo- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41578-022-00521-1
18. Ukunyinwa kweeSeli zeSolar ze-Perovskite-Silicon Tandem- https://www.sunpalsys.com/the-limitations-of-perovskite-silicon-tandem-solar-cells_n201
19. Inkqubela phambili yePerovskite ityhala iiseli zelanga ze-tandem kufutshane nentengiso- https://cen.acs.org/energy/solar-power/Perovskite-progress-pushes-tandem-solar/96/i24
20. Indlela ye-tandem yeeseli ezingcono zelanga- https://discovery.kaust.edu.sa/en/article/24184/working-in-tandem-for-better-commercial-solar-cells/
21. Tandem Perovskite Photovoltaics- https://www.nature.com/collections/hjdjgicbbg
22. UMaxwell utyhila impumelelo yamva nje kwiiseli ze-perovskite/silicon Tandem ezibhalwe ngokupheleleyo- https://www.pv-tech.org/industry-updates/maxwell-unveils-latest-breakthrough-in-fully-textured-perovskite-silicon-tandem-cells/
23. 🌞 I-Perovskite kunye neTekhnoloji yeTandem yeSola: Ukuguqula iShishini leSolar 🌞 - https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/perovskite-tandem-solar-technology-revolutionizing-industry-jay-dhola
24. Iiseli zelanga ze-tandem ziya kulitshintsha njani ihlabathi- https://greenhouse.agency/blog/tandem-solar-cells-will-change-the-world/
25. Impumelelo, imiceli mngeni, kunye nethemba lekamva lokuqhutywa kweeseli zelanga ze-perovskite-Ukukhanya: iSayensi kunye nezicelo- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41377-024-01461-x
26. Izicelo zesizukulwana esilandelayo seeseli zelanga ze-perovskite ezidityanisiweyo -IiMathiriyeli zoNxibelelwano - https://www.nature.com/articles/s43246-022-00325-4
27. I-Oxford PV ihambisa iimodyuli zokuqala ze-perovskite tandem- https://www.pv-tech.org/oxford-pv-ships-first-commercial-perovskite-tandem-modules/
28. Iziphumo ezilungileyo kwangethuba kuvavanyo lokuqala lwe-perovskite tandem iiseli zelanga kwindawo - https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2024/10/24/positive-early-results-from-first-test-of-perovskite-tandem-solar-cells-in-space/