Ukunyuka kweVancouverism: iModeli yoYilo lweDolophu oluZinzileyo

IVancouverism iye yavela njengeqhinga elikhethekileyo ledolophu, elitsala inqanaba lehlabathi njengomzekelo Uphuhliso oluphathekayo. Le ndlela ixubileyo, edibanisa iimpembelelo ezivela kwiidolophu ezinkulu ezifana neNew York neHong Kong, iphinde yabhala ingxelo ye ucwangciso lwedolophu¹. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu yamava enkonzo yoluntu, kubandakanya iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu njengomcwangcisi oyintloko Vancouver, ULarry Beasley uye waba ngumqhubi wale ntshukumo yokuguqula¹.

Ukunyuka kweVancouverism kuhambelana nentsingiselo ebanzi yemetropolisation, apho imizi zama ukwenza imifanekiso kunye neengcamango ezahlukeneyo. Ngeminyaka yoo-1990, iVancouver yazama ukonyusa ingxinano yabemi kumbindi wedolophu, iphendula kwiingxoxo-mpikiswano ezingo. uphuhliso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo kunye nesidingo sokulwa nokwanda kwedolophu². Incwadi kaBeasley ethi “Ukunyuka kwe IVancouverism: UMzekelo woYilo lweDolophu oluZinzileyo” ihlola ubucukubhede bale ndlela yobuvulindlela, iqaqambisa imigaqo yayo ephambili kunye nemingeni ejongene nayo.

• IVancouverism yimodeli yedolophu engumxube edibanisa izinto ezivela kwizixeko ezimbaxa ezifana neNew York neHong Kong.
• Ingqikelelo yafumana ukuduma ngeminyaka yoo-1990 njengoko iVancouver yayifuna ukonyusa ingxinano yabemi kumbindi wedolophu.
• IVancouverism ibonakaliswa ngu ubomi obuxinene kakhulu, uphuhliso oluxubeneyo, kunye neendawo ezidlamkileyo zoluntu.
• ULarry Beasley, umcwangcisi odumileyo wasezidolophini, uye waba negalelo ekuqhubeni intshukumo yeVancouverism.
• IVancouverism imele utshintsho oluya kuzinze uphuhliso lwedolophu kunye nokusabela kwimingeni yokwanda kwedolophu.

IVancouverism, igama eliye langqamana nendlela yobuvulindlela edolophini uyilo, ineengcambu zayo ezindeleyo kulwando olukhawulezayo lwesi sixeko nakwiimpembelelo ezahlukahlukeneyo zezithethe³. The Uhlobo lokwakha yaseVancouver, ehlala ichazwa njengomxube we ubomi obuxinene kakhulu ixhaphake eHong Kong kunye neemvakalelo zomgangatho wobuntu woyilo lwaseYurophu, ithathe ingqalelo yabacwangcisi besixeko kunye nabayili bezakhiwo kwihlabathi liphela.⁴.

Imvelaphi yeVancouverism inokulandelwa emva kwinguquko yesixeko ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ephawulwe ngamaza okufuduka kwamanye amazwe, ngakumbi ukusuka eAsia.³. Impembelelo yophuhliso lwedolophu yaseHong Kong, ephawulwa ziinqaba zayo eziphakamileyo eziphakamileyo kunye nokukhula okuthe nkqo, idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni ubume boyilo lweVancouver.⁵.

Embindini weVancouverism kukho indlela eyodwa uyilo lweedolophini, apho iinqaba ezinde, ezibhityileyo zakhiwe phezu kweqonga, ukudala ulungelelwaniso phakathi ubomi obuxinene kakhulu kunye namava adlamkileyo kwinqanaba lesitrato⁵. Esi sicwangciso-qhinga sijolise kugcino lweendawo ezidlamkileyo zoluntu ngeli lixa sivumela ukwanda kwabemi besixeko³. Ukongeza, iVancouver's "View Protection Guidelines," eyaphunyezwa ngo-1989 yaza yalungiswa ngo-1990, idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseni imida yobude ukukhusela iimbono ezintle zesixeko kwiiNtaba ezikuMntla woNxweme.³.

Ugxininiso lweVancouverism kwi-walkability kunye izithuba eziluhlaza Ikwaluphawu oluchazayo, njengoko kungqinwa luthungelwano lwesitrato esinemingxuma ecocekileyo yesixeko kunye nokudityaniswa kwemizila yebhloko ephakathi.³. Le ndlela ebanzi yoku ucwangciso lwedolophu wenze iVancouver imodeli yophuhliso lwesixeko oluzinzileyo, iyenze yaduma njengenye yezona zibalaseleyo kwihlabathi izixeko ezinokuhlalwa³⁴.

Ngaphandle kokunconywa, iVancouver Inkqubo yocwangciso uye wajongana nokugxekwa, kukho inkxalabo ephakanyisiweyo malunga nokungabikho elubala, iinkqubo zokuvunywa ixesha elide, iifomu eziphindaphindwayo ezakhiweyo, kunye nokwenzeka korhwaphilizo.³. Nangona kunjalo, ukuzinikela kwesixeko kuphuculo oluqhubekayo kunye nophuhliso indalo yeVancouverism icebisa ikamva elithembisayo kwesi sicwangciso sahlukileyo sasedolophini⁵.

Iiplani zoyilo lwedolophu zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni okuzinzileyo kunye izixeko ezinokuhlalwa, e Vancouver, ezi ngcali zinemibono zibe negalelo ekuphumezeni oko kwesixeko ucwangciso lwedolophu kwaye Uphuhliso oluphathekayo izicwangciso. Umsebenzi wabo ubandakanya ukusebenzisana nabachaphazelekayo abohlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba uphuhliso lwedolophu ihambelana nemigaqo ye IVancouverism.

Abacwangcisi boyilo lwedolophu eVancouver bagxile ekudaleni ukuxinana okuphezulu, iindawo zokusebenzela ezixubeneyo ezibeka phambili iindawo ezilungele abahambi ngeenyawo kunye nezinto eziluncedo zoluntu⁶. Bawuguqule umbindi wesixeko wezorhwebo kunye nommandla wamanzi wemizi-mveliso kwindawo yokuhlala edlamkileyo kunye neendawo ezixubeneyo, ezibandakanya ngaphezulu kwe-8,000 yeendawo zokuhlala, indawo yorhwebo, kunye nezixhobo zoluntu.⁶. Umsebenzi wabo ukhokelele kuphuhliso lweenqaba ezinciphileyo ezihlonipha iimbono ezichongiweyo zeentaba namanzi, ezidityaniswe nezindlu zasedolophini okanye iiyunithi zorhwebo.⁶.

The uyilo lweedolophini Indlela yobuvulindlela eVancouver iye yaveliswa ngokubanzi kwezinye izixeko ezisehlabathini, njengeSeattle, iSan Francisco, iSan Diego, iDubai, neAbu Dhabi.⁶. eVancouver ababhekisi kunye nabacebisi bocwangciso bafumene imakethi yehlabathi enengeniso yobuchwephesha babo, njengoko uyilo lwedolophu lubonwa njengento ebalulekileyo yezicwangciso eziyimpumelelo zokuvuselela.⁶. Inkqubo yocwangciso yesixeko ibandakanya isicwangciso sobumelwane esilungelelanisiweyo, indawo yoluntu uphuculo, kunye neenzame zokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu ezomeleleyo, kunye nemithetho kamasipala yocando elawula uphuhliso olumandla kunye nokuqikelelwa kobume bedolophu.⁶.

Ngaphaya koko, iVancouver isebenzisa izixhobo zezimali ukukhusela izibonelelo zoluntu kuphuhliso olutsha kunye nenkuthazo yamabhaso ngokuthobela izikhokelo zoyilo lwedolophu.⁶. The Vancouver Urban Design Panel idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphononongeni umgangatho woyilo kunye nokukhuthaza buchule imiba yoyilo lwedolophu⁶. Ulwimi olwaziwayo lokuyilwa kwesi sixeko lwavela ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 no-1990 ngokusebenzisa amaqhinga amabhongo edolophu afana 'nokuphila kuQala', IConcord Pacific's ukubandakanyeka okuzisa indlela yokubonisana kunye nembono yexesha elide kwinkqubo yocwangciso⁶.

“Abacwangcisi boyilo lwedolophu baye baba negalelo ekuphumezeni umbono weVancouver woxinaniso oluphezulu, iindawo zokusebenzela ezixubeneyo ezibeka phambili iindawo ezilungele abahambi ngeenyawo kunye nezinto eziluncedo zoluntu.

Ngelixa kukho ubutyebi boncwadi ngobunkokeli kulawulo lukarhulumente kunye nolawulo lweshishini, kukho ukunqongophala koncwadi lwezemfundo noluchwephesha olujongana nendima yabayili basezidolophini njengeenkokeli.⁷. Nangona kunjalo, ubunzulu beengxelo zesixeko ngesixeko zenkqubo yoyilo loyilo lwedolophu zibe negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni ubunkokeli boyilo kunye neziphumo.⁷.

Uphando lwakutsha nje luyicingele itypology yeendlela zobunkokeli boyilo lwasezidolophini, kubandakanya nokuzimela, ukuthanda kukayise, idemokhrasi, i-laissez-faire, intengiselwano, inguqu, kunye nokungabikho.⁸. Ezi ndlela zobunkokeli zifunyenwe zinefuthe kwinkqubo kunye neziphumo ze uyilo lweedolophini, ne isifundo ukuphonononga ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwiindima kunye nezenzo zabayili boluntu kulo lonke elaseYurophu⁸.

Lilonke, indima yabacwangcisi boyilo lwedolophu ekubumbeni uluntu oluzinzileyo nolunokuhlalwa lubalulekile. Umsebenzi wabo eVancouver uye waba ngumzekelo wehlabathi jikelele ucwangciso lwedolophu kwaye Uphuhliso oluphathekayo, izixeko ezikhuthazayo kwihlabathi liphela ukuba zamkele imigaqo ye IVancouverism.

Njengoyilo olubalaseleyo lwedolophu umcwangcisi omkhulu, UAlexandra Steed isetelwe ukuvula iofisi yaseVancouver ngo-2024, izise ubuchule bakhe kwisixeko esaphefumlela intshukumo yeVancouverism. Eli nyathelo lobuchule limele inyathelo elibalulekileyo kwindalo eqhubekayo yembonakalo yedolophu yaseVancouver. Indlela kaSteed igxile ekudibaniseni iimbono zasekuhlaleni kunye ucwangciso oluzinzileyo izenzo kuphuhliso lwedolophu, ukulungelelaniswa ngaphandle komthungo kunye nemithetho-siseko engundoqo yeVancouverism.

Isigqibo sikaSteed sokuseka iofisi yaseVancouver ngo-2024 sigxininisa ukuzinikela kwakhe ekubumbeni ikamva loyilo lwedolophu. Ngokuseka ubukho bendawo, ujolise ekufumaneni ukuqonda okunzulu ngemingeni eyodwa kunye namathuba ajongene nawo uluntu lwaseVancouver, eqinisekisa ukuba izisombululo zakhe zokucwangcisa zilungelelaniswe neemfuno zabo ezithile.

Embindini wendlela kaSteed kugxilwe ekudibaniseni iimbono zasekuhlaleni kwinkqubo yokucwangcisa. Ukholelwa ukuba ngokuzibandakanya ngokukhutheleyo noluntu kunye nokuqonda izinto eziphambili kubo, abacwangcisi boyilo lwedolophu banokudala iindawo ezihambelana ngokwenene nabantu abaza kuhlala kuzo. Olu gxininiso kumxholo wendawo luphawu lweVancouverism, kwaye ukufika kukaSteed esixekweni ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuya komeleza eli litye lembombo. uphuhliso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo.

Njengoko uSteed elungiselela ukuvula iofisi yakhe yaseVancouver, ukuzibophelela kwakhe kwimigaqo yeVancouverism kunye nokugxila kwakhe ucwangciso oluzinzileyo kwaye uyilo olubalaseleyo lwedolophu ngokungathandabuzekiyo iya kubumba ikamva lesixeko, iqinisekise ukuba sihlala singumzekelo wehlabathi jikelele wophuhliso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo.

Isixeko saseVancouver siye savela njengenkokeli yehlabathi kuyilo oluzinzileyo lwedolophu, ivula indlela eyaziwa ngokuba yiVancouverism.⁹. Embindini wale modeli luphuhliso oluxubeneyo oludibanisa ngokudibeneyo indawo yokuhlala, yezorhwebo, kunye neendawo zikawonke-wonke, ukunciphisa imfuno yokuhamba ngemoto kunye nokukhuthaza ukuhambahamba, iindawo zokuhlala ezidlamkileyo.⁹.

Olu phuhliso lusetyenziswayo oluxubeneyo luphawulwa ziziseko zorhwebo ezinobude obuphakathi kunye neenqaba zokuhlala eziphakamileyo, ezidala indawo eguquguqukayo yedolophu.⁹. Abaphuhlisi abafuna iiprojekthi ezinoxinano oluphezulu eVancouver bayacelwa ukuba bafake isandla ekudalweni kwezinto eziluncedo, ezinje ngeepaki, amabala okudlala, kunye namaziko oluntu, ukuqinisekisa ukuhlala ngokulinganayo. indawo kubahlali⁹.

Okudityanisiweyo kwimodeli yeVancouverism ziindawo ezininzi eziluhlaza kunye neendawo zikawonke-wonke ezinobume besixeko. Umgaqo-nkqubo weVancouver's “view cone”, okhusela imbonakalo yeentaba zesixeko, uvumela ezi zinto zendalo ukuba zonwatyiswe ngabo bonke, ingekuphela nje abo bahlala kwiinqaba eziphakamileyo.⁹. Oku kuzibophelela kwi uxanduva lokusingqongileyo kubonakaliswa ngakumbi kwesi sixeko luhlaza Zakhiwo, ezibeka phambili nokuzinza kwaye ukusebenza kwamandla⁹.

Isiphumo siyindawo edlamkileyo, enokuhlalwa edolophini ehlangabezana neemfuno zabahlali kunye nokusingqongileyo⁹. IVancouverism iye yanconywa "njengokuphumelela kathathu" kwicandelo likarhulumente, icandelo labucala, kunye nabahlali, ngenxa yendlela yokuyila kunye nentsebenziswano ucwangciso lwesixeko⁹.

Ulwamkelo lweVancouver yophuhliso oluxubeneyo lophuhliso luguqule ubume bedolophu yedolophu, kudala iindawo ezikhulayo, ezinobuhlobo nabahambi ngeenyawo.⁹. Ezi projekthi, ezifana nokuphumelela ibhaso Indlu yaseVancouver, ukudibanisa iindawo zokuhlala, zorhwebo, kunye neendawo zoluntu ngendlela yokunciphisa ukuthembela kwiimoto kunye nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano yoluntu¹⁰.

Indlu yaseVancouver, a IPlatinam ye-LEED isakhiwo esithatha i60,600 m², ngumzekelo obalaseleyo weVancouverism esebenzayo¹⁰. Iyilwe ngabadumileyo be-BIG Architects, iprojekthi ijongana nomnqweno woluntu wophuhliso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo, ngelixa ikwabonelela ngeembono ezizodwa zamanzi kunye neentaba zesixeko.¹⁰. Njengomqondiso wokuzibophelela kweVancouver uyilo oluluhlaza kwaye Uphuhliso oluphathekayo, iVancouver House isebenza njengemodeli yezinye izixeko ezinqwenela ukulinganisa indlela yeVancouverism¹⁰.

"IVancouverism ijongwa njengophawu oluthengiswa ngokulula njengoko lunobuhlobo kuluntu, lunobuhlobo kusapho, kwaye lulungele imozulu."⁹

Imodeli yeVancouverism izuze umdla wehlabathi, ngomboniso "Vancouverism: Westcoast Architecture kunye neCity-Building" ebonisa amacebo oyilo oyilo lwedolophu kubaphulaphuli bamazwe ngamazwe.¹¹. Ukusuka eParis ukuya eDubai, abacwangcisi bezakhiwo kunye nabacwangcisi basezidolophini bamkela imigaqo efanayo yokudala udlamko, izixeko ezizinzileyo¹¹.

IVancouverism, into entsha ucwangciso lwedolophu imodeli, iphucule kakhulu umgangatho wobomi kubahlali esixekweni. Le ndlela, ebonakaliswe kukuphila ngokuxinana okuphezulu, ukuphuhliswa kokusetyenziswa okuxubileyo, kunye nokugxila ngamandla ukuzibandakanya kwabahlali, iguqule iVancouver ibe ngumzekelo oqaqambileyo wesixeko esiphilayo nesizinzileyo¹².

Embindini weVancouverism kukuzibophelela ekudaleni ubumelwane obuxineneyo, kodwa obunokuhlalwa. Iinqaba eziphakamileyo ezinqabileyo zesi sixeko, eziqelelene kangangeemitha ezingama-25 ubuncinane, ziqinisekisa ukuba abahlali bayakonwabela ukufikelela kumanzi atshayelwayo okanye iimbono zeentaba.¹². Olu luyilo olucingisisiweyo, ludityaniswe nobuninzi beendawo eziluhlaza zoluntu kunye nenkqubo yothutho yoluntu eyomeleleyo, inegalelo kumgangatho ophezulu wobomi beVancouverites.

IVancouverism ibeka ugxininiso olukhulu ukuzibandakanya kwabahlali, eneendawo zikawonke-wonke eziyilwe kakuhle ezikhuthaza intsebenziswano yoluntu kunye noluhlu olwahlukeneyo lwezindlu ezikhethiweyo ukubonelela abantu abahlukeneyo.¹². Ukuthembela kwesiXeko kwi-SkyTrain, inkqubo yemetro ezenzekelayo esebenza ngokumangalisayo, iphucula ngakumbi unxibelelwano kunye nokufikeleleka kwabahlali.¹³.

Ezi zinto zeVancouverism zisiguqule isixeko saba sisibane sokuphila, sitsala umdla wehlabathi kwaye sikhuthaza amanye amaziko asezidolophini ukuba alandele imodeli yawo eyimpumelelo.¹². Njengoko iVancouver iqhubeka nokuvela, ukuzibophelela kwayo kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo noluqhutywa luluntu luhlala lububungqina bempembelelo entle yale ndlela yokuvelisa izinto ezintsha. ukuhlala ezidolophini.

"IVancouverism iye yasiguqula isixeko saba sisibane sokuphila, sitsala ingqalelo yehlabathi kwaye ikhuthaza amanye amaziko asezidolophini ukuba alandele imodeli yawo eyimpumelelo."

Imodeli yeVancouverism ibonakalise ukuba ingamandla anamandla ekubumbeni ikamva lempilo yasezidolophini, ibonelela ngeplani yokudala izixeko ezidlamkileyo, ezihlalayo ezibeka phambili impilo-ntle yabahlali bazo.¹²¹³.

Ngaphandle kodumo oluxhaphakileyo lweVancouverism, imodeli ijongene nemiceli mngeni emininzi njengoko ifuna ukulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza ukukhula kwedolophu ngeenjongo zozinzo¹⁴. Imodeli yeVancouver yoyilo lwasezidolophini, eyaziwa ngokuba yiVancouverism, sele idume kwihlabathi liphela ngokuxinana kwabantu kwindawo ephakathi edolophini, uhambo oludumileyo loluntu, kunye nomgangatho wobomi bophuculo.¹⁴. IVancouverism ichongwe njengeyona ndawo iphambili yokuthumela ngaphandle Khanada, kunye nezixeko zaseYurophu kunye ne-US ezicinga ukwamkela iindlela ezifanayo kucwangciso lwedolophu¹⁴.

Enye yezona zinto ziphambili ezixhalabisayo sisidingo sokugcina imigaqo engundoqo yeVancouverism yozinzo, ubomi obuxineneyo ngelixa ivumela ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwesixeko.¹⁴. Imiceli mngeni ejongene neVancouverism ibandakanya ukucotha kwiinzame zoxinaniso kuzo zonke izixeko zaseCanada, ngakumbi eToronto apho kuye kwaba ngumceli mngeni ukufumana iiprojekthi ezikumgangatho ophakathi ezivunyiweyo ngenxa yenkcaso yendawo.¹⁴. IVancouver ngokwayo ijongene nemiba yokudodobala kophuhliso lwedolophu, neengxelo ezibonisa ubuninzi be-7,000. Yokupaka iindawo esixekweni¹⁴.

Omnye umngeni ongxamisekileyo ngumba we ukufikeleleka kwezindlu¹⁴. Iingxaki ezicinezelayo zokukhula kwabemi, ukwanda, ukunyuka kweendleko zezindlu, kunye nenkxaso-mali yokuphucula umgangatho wobomi ziyaqhubeka nokuqhuba imfuno yoxinaniso kwizixeko zaseCanada.¹⁴. Ingqikelelo yokwamkela ukuxinana kunye nemigaqo yoyilo lwasezidolophini efana neVancouverism ibonwa njengenyathelo elibalulekileyo kwizixeko ezijonge ukujongana nemiceli mngeni yanamhlanje kunye nokuphucula imigangatho yokuphila.¹⁴.

Iinzame ziyenziwa ukudibanisa ngakumbi izindlu ezifikelelekayo iinketho kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba izibonelelo zeVancouverism ziyafikeleleka kubantu abahlukeneyo¹⁵. IWest End yeVancouver luxande oluncinci lomhlaba, inabahlali abamalunga nama-42,000, beyenza ibe yenye yezona ndawo zinabantu abaninzi eMntla Melika.¹⁵. Umyinge wengeniso kwi-West End imalunga ne-C$46,000, esondele kakhulu kuleyo yommandla we-metropolitan iyonke, ibonisa ubumelwane obuhlukeneyo ngokwentlalo noqoqosho.¹⁵.

Imingeni ejongene neVancouverism ibonisa imfuneko yokuqhubeka ezintsha kunye nokulungelelanisa ukuqinisekisa impumelelo yexesha elide yemodeli. Ngokujongana nemiba yozinzo, ukufikeleleka kwezindlu, kunye nokufikelela ngokulinganayo, iVancouverism inokuqhubeka nokusebenza njengomzekelo wehlabathi jikelele woyilo oluzinzileyo lwedolophu¹⁴.

"I-West End ibonelela ngendlela engenakuthelekiswa nanto yokufikelela kumbindi wedolophu iVancouver, imisebenzi, inkcubeko, indawo yokutyela, ivenkile, ulwandle, kunye neStanley Park, itsala abantu abahlukeneyo, kubandakanya nabo banemivuzo ephakathi, hayi nje izityebi kakhulu."¹⁵

Njengoko iVancouverism iqhubeka nokuvela, kuya kubaluleka ukulinganisa iimfuno zabemi abakhulayo kunye nemigaqo ye Uphuhliso oluphathekayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphila kwesixeko kunye nokufikeleleka kuhlala kuphambili kwisicwangciso saso soyilo lwedolophu.¹⁴.

Imigaqo ye Cwangciso loMmandla, Uphuhliso oluphathekayo, kunye nentsha Ubume beSixeko ezixhasa iVancouverism zibonakalisiwe ngeeprojekthi zenguqu ngaphakathi kwesixeko. Omnye umzekelo ophawulekayo kukwenziwa ngokutsha kweFalse Creek, indawo eyayisakuba yi-97-hektare yemizi-mveliso, ibe yindawo edlamkileyo esetyenziselwa izinto ezixubeneyo.¹⁶.

Ikhokelwa yi-Hong Kong magnate uLi Ka-Shing's Concord Pacific, le projekthi ibonisa ukudityaniswa kweenqaba zokuhlala ezinoxinano oluphezulu kunye neepodiums ezigcina isikali somntu kwinqanaba lesitrato. Impumelelo yamanyathelo anjalo ibonelele ngezifundo ezibalulekileyo kucwangciso lwedolophu kunye noyilo, ifuthe kuphuhliso phakathi kweVancouver nakwihlabathi jikelele.¹⁶.

Ukuguqulwa kweFalse Creek ibe yindawo echumayo, uluntu oluzinzileyo ibe bubungqina bamandla eVancouverism. Ngokudibanisa ukuhlala okuxineneyo okuphezulu kunye neendawo ezicingayo zoluntu kunye nezinto eziluncedo, iprojekthi iphefumlele ubomi obutsha kule ndawo, idala imodeli yophuhliso lwedolophu lwexesha elizayo.¹⁶.

Ngokukwanjalo, ugxininiso lwesixeko ekudityanisweni kweenqaba zokuhlala kunye neepodiums zomlinganiso wabantu ziye zaphindwa kwezinye iindawo zaseVancouver, eqinisekisa ukuba isibhakabhaka sincediswa bubomi besitrato obudlamkileyo. Ezi projekthi zibonise amandla oku Cwangciso loMmandla kwaye Uphuhliso oluphathekayo ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi kubahlali¹⁶.

Impumelelo yeVancouverism ayizange ibonwe, kwaye izixeko zehlabathi ziye zafuna ukufunda kumava esi sixeko. Izifundo eziphambili ziquka ukubaluleka yokulinganisa ingxinano kunye nokuphila, ixabiso lokubandakanya izinto eziluncedo zoluntu kuphuhliso lwedolophu, kunye nesidingo sokudala unxibelelwano phakathi kolwakhiwo olutsha kunye nobumelwane obukhoyo.¹⁶.

Ukongeza, indlela yeVancouver yokubamba ixabiso elidalwe zizenzo zoluntu, ezinje ngeMithetho yoLuntu lweAmenity (CACs) kunye neeNdleko zoPhuhliso (DCLs), ikhuthaze abanye oomasipala ukuba baphonononge imifuziselo efanayo.¹⁷. Ezi ndlela zenkxaso-mali zintsha zenze ukuba isixeko senze utyalo-mali kwizinto ezibalulekileyo iziseko kunye neendawo zoluntu, ukuqinisa ngakumbi Uphuhliso oluphathekayo kwaye Ubume beSixeko eVancouver¹⁷.

"Utshintsho lweFalse Creek lube luluntu oluphumelelayo, oluzinzileyo lububungqina bamandla eVancouverism."

Izifundo ezifunyenwe kwimpumelelo yeVancouver ekuphumezeni IVancouverism ziye zaba luncedo kakhulu, izixeko ezikhuthazayo kwihlabathi jikelele ukuphonononga amacebo afanayo Uphuhliso oluphathekayo kwaye Ubume beSixeko¹⁷¹⁶.

IVancouverism, indlela entsha yocwangciso lwasezidolophini eye yatshintsha isixeko saseVancouver, ifumene ukuqondwa kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye yakhuthaza abayili basezidolophini kwihlabathi liphela. Ugxininiso lwayo kwindawo yokuhlala ezinzileyo, enoxinano oluphezulu kunye neendawo ezidlamkileyo zikawonke-wonke ziye zaba ngumzekelo wezixeko ezikuMntla Melika nangaphaya, njengoko zifuna ukujongana nemiceli mngeni ecinezelayo. Ukufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini kwaye imo iyatshintsha¹⁸.

Imigaqo yeVancouverism iye yahlengahlengiswa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuphumelela. Izixeko ezikuMntla Melika naseYurophu zijonge kwizicwangciso zophuhliso lwedolophu yaseVancouver njengeplani yemizamo yazo yokuvuselela.¹⁹. Olu hlengahlengiso lubonakalise ukubaluleka kokuqwalasela ngenyameko iimfuno zendawo, iinkcubeko, kunye neemeko zejografi xa kuphunyezwa izisombululo eziphefumlelweyo zeVancouverism.

Omnye umzekelo ophawulekayo yiCanada Line yenkqubo yokuhamba ngokukhawuleza eVancouver, eye yaphembelela iipatheni zophuhliso lweendawo ezingqongileyo²⁰. Ngelixa inkqubo ibe nempumelelo ekukhuthazeni uphuhliso olujolise kwezothutho, ukunqongophala koxinaniso olubalulekileyo ngakwi-Expo Line e-East Vancouver kugxininisa imfuneko yendlela ebanzi ngakumbi yokucwangcisa idolophu kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezothutho.

Njengoko iVancouverism ifumana ingqwalasela yehlabathi, izixeko kwihlabathi liphela zijonga iindlela zokulungelelanisa imigaqo yazo ephambili kwiimeko zazo ezizodwa. Ukusuka kwidilesi ukufikeleleka kwezindlu¹⁹ ukudibanisa izisombululo zothutho oluzinzileyo²⁰, ukulungelelaniswa kweVancouverism kufuna ukuqonda okungafaniyo kweemfuno zengingqi kunye nokuzimisela ukuzama iindlela ezintsha zoyilo lwedolophu.

Ngaphandle kwemingeni, impembelelo yehlabathi yeVancouverism ayinakuphikiswa¹⁸. Njengoko izixeko zizamana nobunzima bophuhliso lwedolophu, imodeli yeVancouver iyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza kunye nokukhokela abacwangcisi basezidolophini kunye nabaqulunqi kumzamo wabo wokuphila ngakumbi, okuzinzileyo, kunye noluntu olubandakanyayo.

“IVancouverism iye yaba yinto yehlabathi lonke, nemigaqo yayo ihlengahlengiswa kwizixeko zehlabathi. Undoqo kukufumana ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo phakathi kokugcina isazisi sasekhaya kunye nokwamkela izinto ezintsha eziza kwenziwa yiVancouverism. ”

-UJane Jacobs, uMcwangcisi weDolophu kunye noMtshayeli

Njengoko ihlabathi lijonge kwikamva loyilo lwedolophu, imodeli yobuvulindlela yeVancouverism iyaqhubeka nokuvela kwaye ikhuthaza. Le ndlela yodwa yocwangciso lwesixeko, eye yaguqula iVancouver yaba yinkokeli yehlabathi kwi uyilo oluluhlaza kwaye Uphuhliso oluphathekayo, ilungele ukujamelana nocelomngeni lwenkulungwane yama-21²¹.

Enye indlela ephambili yokubumba ikamva leVancouverism kukudityaniswa kobuchwephesha obuphambili obuluhlaza. Ngo-2030, iVancouver yayisele iphumelele ukuhamba ngeenyawo usingasiqithi wedolophu, isenza imodeli yoyilo olukhethekileyo lwedolophu.²¹. Utshintsho kusetyenziso lomhlaba lubandakanya ukuguqulwa kweebhulorho zibe ziipaseji zabahambi ngeenyawo nezombane zebhasi, ezinezithuthi ezikhupha umsi onguziro, ukutyala, kunye nombane. ukuphinda ndixakeke²¹. Ukuphuhliswa kwakhona kwemihlaba yeSizwe saseSquamish ibe yipaki yendalo ejikeleze iibhloko zokuhlala ezinikwe amandla ombane we-geothermal iphumelele iimbasa zoyilo lwehlabathi.²¹. La manyathelo okuzinza okutsha amiselwe ukuba abe ziimpawu ze Isizukulwana esilandelayo of ucwangciso lwedolophu eVancouver nangaphaya.

Ecaleni kwenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji, utshintsho lwabantu lubumba ikamva leVancouverism. Kwisithili sase-Greater Vancouver, umyinge wabafuduki wawuyi-50.5%, xa kuthelekiswa ne-32.9% yaseCanada ngokuzalwa kunye ne-16.6% yabemi abangengabo isigxina ngokwe-2011 census.²². Aba bantu bahlukeneyo baphembelele ubume boyilo lwesixeko, kunye neenqaba zokuhlala eziphefumlelweyo zaseHong Kong kunye nophuhliso lwesitayile seqonga lube luphawu lokutyikitya kwimodeli ye "Vancouverism"²².

Njengoko iVancouver iqhubeka nokuvela, isixeko sijongene nomceli mngeni wokulinganisa ukukhula nokuzinza kunye nokufikeleleka. Izisombululo ezitsha, ezifana nokuthathwa kwexabiso lomhlaba ngokwezemali Iziseko zophuhliso ezizinzileyo, kunye nentsebenziswano kunye Iintlanga zokuqala uluntu, luya kubaluleka ekubumbeni isahluko esilandelayo seVancouverism²¹. Ngokwamkela ezi ndlela kunye nezinto ezintsha, iVancouver inokubethelela isikhundla sayo njengenkokeli yehlabathi ucwangciso lwedolophu kunye nemodeli yezixeko ezinqwenela ukuyila edlamkileyo, ephilayo, kwaye uluntu oluzinzileyo.

"IVancouverism iye yaba yinto eyaziwayo kwihlabathi jikelele yoyilo lwedolophu, kunye noLarry Beasley, owayesakuba ngumlawuli wocwangciso, ecebisana no-emir wase-Abu Dhabi."²³

Ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yeVancouverism, indlela entsha yoyilo lwedolophu eye yafumana ukuqondwa kwihlabathi jikelele ngokuzibophelela kwayo kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo kunye noluntu oluphilayo.²⁴. Abahlali baseVancouver banamathuba amaninzi okubandakanyeka kumanyathelo oyilo lwedolophu kunye nokubumba ikamva leendawo zabo zokuhlala.²⁴.

Ukusuka kwiindibano zoluntu ukuya kwiibhodi zokuphonononga ukuyila, iVancouverites ibandakanyeka ngokusebenzayo kwinkqubo yokucwangcisa²⁴. Ibhunga lesi sixeko libonakalise ukuzinikela kwalo ekugcineni imbonakalo yeso sixeko, lineepaseji zokujonga ezingaphezulu kwama-27 ezikhusela iintaba namanzi.²⁴. Le ndlela yokuthatha inxaxheba iqinisekisa ukuba uyilo lwedolophu lubonakalisa iimfuno kunye nolangazelelo loluntu lo gama kulandelwa imigaqo Uphuhliso oluphathekayo.

Indlela yeVancouver kuphuhliso lwasezidolophini ikhuthaza abahlali ukuba bazibandakanye ucwangciso lwengingqi iinkqubo²⁴. Isixeko saziwa njengenye yezona ndawo zilawulwa kakhulu kuphuhliso kuMntla Melika, kunye neenqaba zokuhlala ezicetywayo eziphantsi kohlalutyo oluntsonkothileyo lwekhompyuter ukukhusela iindawo zokuhlala zabahlali abakufutshane.²⁴. Eli nqanaba le ukubandakanyeka koluntu ibe negalelo kwisibhakabhaka esikhethekileyo sesixeko, kunye nesimbo soyilo lwenqaba-yeqonga kunye iindawo zokusebenzela ezixubeneyo eziye zaphindaphindwa kwihlabathi jikelele²⁴.

Ngokuthatha inxaxheba kudliwano-ndlebe noluntu, ukusebenza kwiibhodi zokuphonononga uyilo, kunye nokubumba izicwangciso zengingqi, iVancouverites idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubekeni kwenguquko yesixeko sabo.²⁴. Le ndlela isezantsi yokucwangciswa kwedolophu yenze iVancouverism imodeli yophuhliso oluzinzileyo, oluqhutywa luluntu olunokuthi luhlengahlengiswe kwaye lusetyenziswe kwizixeko ezijikeleze umhlaba.

IVancouverism imele igalelo elibalulekileyo Uphuhliso oluphathekayo, enikezela ngemodeli yokwenza okuphilekayo, izixeko ezinoxinano oluphezulu. Njengoko iindawo zasezidolophini kwihlabathi liphela zijongene nemingeni yokukhula, utshintsho lwemozulu, kunye nobulungisa kwezentlalo, imigaqo yeVancouverism ibonelela ngeembono ezixabisekileyo.²⁵. Ngokobalo-bantu luka-2011, kwisithili sase-Greater Vancouver (“iMetro Vancouver”), i-50.5% yabahlali yayingabaphambukeli, kunye ne-62.1% "yabambalwa ababonakalayo"²⁵. Ngokubhekiselele kumhlaba wobuhlanga, i-41.4% yabaphambukeli eVancouver basuka eTshayina, kwaye i-10.6% yayisuka eMzantsi Korea, ebonisa ubukho babaphambukeli baseAsia.²⁵.

Inguquko eqhubekayo yale ndlela, kubandakanywa ukuziqhelanisa neemeko zengingqi kunye nokufakwa kwetekhnoloji entsha, iya kuqhubeka nokubumba ikamva le. ucwangciso lwedolophu kunye noyilo, ukukhuthaza uzinzo ngakumbi izixeko ezomeleleyo jikelele²⁵. Abaphambukeli baseHong Kong, abakhutheleyo ekuhlaziyeni iVancouver, banamava amaza okufudukela esixekweni ngenxa yeziganeko ezifana nokungena kweRed Guards eMacau ngo-1966, iSino-British Joint Declaration ka-1984, iminyhadala ye-1989 Tiananmen Square, kunye nokunikezelwa kwe-Hong ngo-1997. Kong ukuya eTshayina²⁵. Utshintsho lwezicwangciso zasedolophini lweVancouver ngo-1991 lujolise kuphuhliso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo lwakhokelela ekubeni ukwakhiwa yeekhondomu ezinde, kugxilwe ekwandiseni ingxinano yabemi kumbindi wedolophu ukulwa nokunaba kwedolophu.²⁵.

Njengoko izixeko kwihlabathi liphela zizama ukwenza ngakumbi izixeko ezinokuhlalwa, imigaqo kunye nezifundo ezivela kwiVancouverism zinika indlela ethembisayo eya phambili. Ukudibanisa uphuhliso loxinaniso oluphezulu kunye noyilo oluzinzileyo, impembelelo ehlala ihleli yeVancouverism iya kuqhubeka nokubumba ikamva lamaziko asezidolophini, ikhuthaza uluntu olukhathalele kakhulu indalo esingqongileyo kunye noluntu olubandakanya uluntu.²⁵. Iqela lezindlu nezindlu likaLi Ka-Shing lidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekungeniseni ngaphandle izitayile zokwakha kunye nezophuhliso lwedolophu ukusuka eHong Kong ukuya eVancouver, inegalelo kulwakhiwo lwezindlu ezixineneyo kunye neekhondom ezikumgangatho ophezulu.²⁵. IVancouverism, equlunqwe nguTrevor Boddy, imele imodeli yedolophu exubileyo edibanisa iimpembelelo ezivela eNew York naseHong Kong, eziphawulwa ngamaqonga akhumbuza amatye amdaka aseNew York kunye neenqaba ezithambileyo ezikhuthazwe luphuhliso oluthe nkqo lwaseHong Kong, olukhokelela kuqwalaselo olulodwa lwedolophu eVancouver.²⁵.

1. IVancouverism - https://www.ubcpress.ca/vancouverism
2. IVancouverism | Izifundo ze-BC- https://bcstudies.com/book_film_review/vancouverism/
3. IVancouverism - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouverism
4. IsiShwankathelo seNkqubo yeeNkokeli zaseDolophini yowama-2018 – Umbono weDolophu – https://theurbanvision.com/index.php/2018/09/12/vancouver-urbanism-innovations-2018-leaders-program-summary/
5. Ucwangciso lwedolophu, izowuni ezinzileyo, kunye nophuhliso – https://vancouver.ca/home-property-development/planning-zoning-development.aspx
6. PDF - https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/114514/9/114514.pdf
7. Ubunkokeli boyilo lwedolophu: icandelo 1, izimbo zobunkokeli - URBAN DESIGN International - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41289-024-00251-6
8. Icandelo loku-1, izimbo zobunkokeli- https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/9JxyQaA4/
9. Uphononongo lweNcwadi: IVancouverism-Isithuba kwiVancouver- https://spacing.ca/vancouver/2019/05/14/book-review-vancouverism/
10. Indlu yaseVancouver yi-BIG Architects: Uyilo lweDolophu oluZinzileyo- https://archeyes.com/vancouver-house-by-big-architects-sustainable-urban-design-architectural-innovation/
11. IVancouverism: Uyilo olutsha lwaseWestcoast kunye noLwakhiwo lwesiXeko-iZiko leNkcubeko laseKhanada-Paris- https://canada-culture.org/en/event/vancouverism-new-westcoast-architecture-and-city-buildingvancouverism-larchitectre-et-lurbanisme-de-la-cote-ouestprolongation/
12. IVancouverism: Impumelelo yeDolophu? Okanye iRecipe yeNtlekele? - https://medium.com/@uoft.isabel.thompson/vancouverism-urban-success-or-a-recipe-for-corruption-1a5869b44f4d
13. Ingqondo yeVancouverism - https://benjaminschneider.substack.com/p/the-genius-of-vancouverism
14. Kutheni le nto 'iVancouverism' ibeyintengiso enzima eCanada? - https://www.planetizen.com/node/60904
15. I-Vancouver's West End imiceli mngeni yeeNtelekelelo malunga nokuhambelana- https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2018/8/21/vancouvers-west-end-challenges-assumptions-about-compatibility
16. Sinokuba nazo zombini izindlu ezingakumbi kunye neFomu yeDolophu eLungileyo- https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2023/3/31/we-can-have-both-more-housing-and-good-urban-form
17. PDF - https://www.lincolninst.edu/app/uploads/legacy-files/pubfiles/2019_descriptive_negotiated_value_lvc_vancouver_lamontagne.pdf
18. IVancouverism | IiNgxoxo zesiXeko- https://www.sfu.ca/publicsquare/events/2019/vancouverism.html
19. Ingxoxo-mpikiswano yoxinaniso yeVancouver ibeka iSullivanism ngokuchasene nezimvo zikaJane Jacobs - https://www.straight.com/news/vancouvers-density-debate-pits-sullivanism-versus-ideas-jane-jacobs
20. Izicwangciso zeCambie Corridor zibeka uvavanyo lweVancouverism- https://stephenrees.blog/2012/01/05/cambie-corridor-plans-puts-vancouverism-to-the-test/
21. IVancouver 2030-ishumi leminyaka lokuchaza iVancouverism- https://medium.com/@future_cities/vancouver-2030-a-decade-to-redefine-vancouverism-50f1b6db8b76
22. IVancouverism: ukuxutywa kunye nokusasazeka kwemodeli yasezidolophini- https://metropolitiques.eu/vancouverism-hybridisation-and.html
23. Uyilo lweVancouverism - https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/artblog/2008/jun/27/thearchitectureofvancouveri
24. Indlela iVancouver eyaze ngayo- https://urbanland.uli.org/planning-design/how-vancouver-invented-itself
25. IVancouverism: ukuxutywa kunye nokusasazeka kwemodeli yasezidolophini- https://metropolitics.org/Vancouverism-hybridisation-and.html