Izikhukula zaseValencia ngo-2024: Indima yoTshintsho lweMozulu kunye ne-1957 Turia Diversion

“Ukubona amanzi enyukela esofeni yam emva koko ukuya kwindawo endisebenza kuyo ekhitshini kwakusoyikeka kakhulu. Ndihlala ndedwa kwigumbi elikumgangatho ophantsi. Ngaphandle kokuba ndinomatshini wam wokuhlamba kwibala lam elingasemva, andiqinisekanga ukuba abamelwane bam kumgangatho wokuqala babenokundinceda njani ukuba ndibaleke umkhukula. Ngandlel’ ithile, ngoncedo nomanyano lwabo, mna nenja yam, uChiwi, sakhwela kwindawo ekhuselekileyo. Ndihlala ndinombulelo.” UPatricia Sousa Sardinha

Izikhukula ezatshayela eValencia ekupheleni kukaOkthobha ka-2024 zaziphakathi kwezona zitshabalalisayo kwimbali, zibhentsisa. iindawo ezahlukeneyo ukuya kwintshabalalo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili. I-“gota fría” engayekiyo yeza izandyondyo zemvula, yehla imvula ephantse ibe ngunyaka kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-24. I-gota fría eguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kwithontsi ebandayo, ibizwa ngokusemthethweni DANA.

Izitrato zaguqulwa zaba yimilambo egqumayo, zitshayela iimoto kwaye zishiya zonke iindawo ezihlala kuzo zintywiliselwe. Amakhaya ezazimele izizukulwana ziye zaba ngamaqokobhe azaliswe ngamanzi, iintsapho zigxadazela zizama ukusindisa nantoni na ezinokuyiphatha njengoko amanzi ezikhukula ayekhula ngokukhawuleza.

“Ndingomnye wamawaka abantu abaphulukene nayo yonke into. Kodwa noko siyaphila. Siyazi ukuba singaba nethamsanqa kwaye sithumela uvelwano lwethu olunzulu kunye novelwano kwiintsapho nakwizithandwa zabo babengenathamsanqa njengathi.

Ngoku, kunye nabanye abaninzi, ndinguye ngokuzithandela ukunceda abanye nokulungisa.” UPatricia Sousa Sardinha

UPatricia, owasindayo nolitsha-ntliziyo ngoku, wathabatha iividiyo neefoto ezikweli nqaku. Ulahlekelwe yiyo yonke into. Nali iphepha lakhe leGoFundMe. Nawuphi na umnikelo omncinci wamkelekile, njengezabelo kwimidiya yoluntu.

Iimpendulo zabasemaGunyeni kwiZikhukula zaseValencia ngo-2024 zabangela ukugxekwa ngokubanzi

Impendulo evela kubaphathi kwizikhukula ze-2024 eValencia yabangela ukugxekwa ngokubanzi, njengoko abahlali abaninzi baziva belahliwe ngexesha labo lokudinga. Ulibaziseko ekuhanjisweni kweenkonzo ezingxamisekileyo lushiye uluntu olusesichengeni ukuba luzibonelele ngokwalo, kunye nemisebenzi yohlangulo isilela ngokulusizi kwinto ebifuneka. Iindawo ezixineneyo zafumana inkxaso encinane kurhulumente ngeeyure zakusasa ezimandundu, nto leyo eyandisa ukubandezeleka kwabo bavaleleke kumanzi anyukayo. Wavutha ngumsindo nonxunguphalo xa uKumkani uFelipe VI watyelela lo mmandla utshabalalisayo.

Ubukho bakhe, obunenjongo yokunika intuthuzelo, endaweni yoko buvuse umsindo phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni ababefuna ukuphendula ngokusilela kukarhulumente. Izihlwele zagculela yaye zakhwaza ukumkani, zivakalisa umsindo wazo ngenxa yokungakhuseleki ngokwaneleyo kwezikhukula neminyaka yokungakhathalelwa. iziseko kwiidolophu. UKumkani, odla ngokuba ngumntu omanyanisayo, wazifumana ejongene nabemi abadanileyo kwaye benqwenela ukwenza okuthile, beqaqambisa umsantsa okhulayo phakathi kwabantu kunye neenkokeli zabo phambi kweentlekele zemozulu eziphindaphindiweyo.

Iidolophu ezisezidolophini njengePaiporta kunye nePicanya bezibethwe Kakhulu

Ngenxa yokungabi nazikhukula ezikhusela umbindi weValencia, le mimandla iye yatshatyalaliswa. Abahlali bachaze la manzi atyhoboza kwizitalato zabo ngesantya esoyikekayo, eshiya ixesha elincinci lokubaleka. Iinkonzo ezingxamisekileyo ziye zazabalaza ukuhambisana nomthamo weminxeba yonxunguphalo njengoko amawakawaka abantu ayevaleleke kumakhaya abo. Izikolo, amashishini, kunye neziseko zophuhliso zikawonke-wonke zashiywa zingamabhodlo, nto leyo ebangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezoqoqosho kuluntu olusele lujamelene nemingeni yokwanda kwedolophu.

Phakathi kwezo ziphithiphithi, kwavela amabali obugorha nelahleko. Abaphenduli bokuqala basebenze ngokungadinwa, bejikeleza imisinga eyingozi ukuhlangula abahlali abavaleleke nzima, ngelixa abamelwane benza amatyathanga abantu ukuze bancede omnye komnye ukufikelela kwindawo ephezulu. Okulusizi kukuba, ezi zikhukula zasuba ubomi babantu abaninzi, nto leyo esisikhumbuzo esibi samandla amakhulu indalo. Kwabaninzi abasindileyo, i-psychological toll yokubukela amakhaya abo kunye iindlela zokuphila Ukutshayelwa kwakusoyikeka njengokutshatyalaliswa ngokwasemzimbeni. Umphumela wezikhukula ushiye ngasemva inkangeleko yenkunkuma kunye nentliziyo ebuhlungu, kunye nendlela yokuchacha ekulindeleke ukuba ithathe iminyaka.

Ukutshatyalaliswa ngethemba kuya kusebenza njengekhwelo lokuvusa oorhulumente basekhaya kunye nokazwelonke. I-Turia River diversion, ngelixa iphumelele ekukhuseleni i emzini iziko, liyibethelele imida yalo njengoko iindawo ezingaphandle kwendawo yokhuseleko zithwele ubunzima bentlekele. As Iingcali kunye namagosa avavanye umonakalo, ibiza ngokubanzi ulawulo lwezikhukhula amaqhinga akhula kakhulu, egxininisa imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuziqhelanisa nehlabathi apho mozulu iziganeko ziya zisiba mandundu kwaye ziqatha.

ISayensi eNgemva kwe-1957 iTuria yoPhambuka kunye neLifa layo

Ngowe-1957, isixeko saseValencia sajongana neyona ntlekele inkulu ntlekele zemvelo xa uMlambo iTuria wagqobhoza iindonga zawo, wakhukulisa imimandla emikhulu yeso sixeko yaye ubulala ubuncinane abantu abangama-81. Amanzi ezikhukula aye afikelela kwiimitha ezintlanu kwezinye iindawo, nto leyo ebangela ukonakala okukhulu. Le ntlekele yabangela ukuba abasemagunyeni bathabathe amanyathelo akhawulezileyo, abaphumeza “iPlan Sur,” ibutho elikhulu labantu Zobunjineli iprojekthi yokuphambukisa uMlambo iTuria kude nombindi wesixeko.

Uphambuko, olugqitywe ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960, lwabuyisela uMlambo iTuria emazantsi kwaye lwadala umlambo owomileyo kumbindi weValencia. Eli jelo lingenanto lathi kamva latshintshwa laba yiTuria Gardens, ipaki yedolophu eziikhilomitha ezili-9 ubude ethe yaba yenye yezona ndawo zibalaseleyo zedolophu. izithuba eziluhlaza. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa iprojekthi yayinconywa njengoloyiso lokuthintela izikhukhula, isayensi emva koguquko lwezikhukhula kunye imo iyatshintsha icebisa imbono entsonkothileyo ngakumbi yayo mpe mbelelo.

Iinsights ze-Hydrological: Indlela i-River Diversion esebenze ngayo

I-"Plan Sur" itshintshe ngokusisiseko i-hydrology yomlambo waseTuria. Ngokuwujika umlambo, njineli ngempumelelo yanciphisa umngcipheko wezikhukula ukuya kumbindi weValencia, ukukhusela iziseko ezingundoqo kunye neendawo ezixineneyo ukusuka kwiimvula ezizayo. Uphambuko lubandakanye ukuyilwa komjelo owenziweyo omtsha oyilelwe ukujongana nowona mlinganiselo uphezulu weqondo lokukhutshelwa emlanjeni. Esi sigqibo sasisekwe kuphononongo olubanzi lwe-hydrological ngelo xesha, olwaluhlalutya iipateni zembali yezandyondyo kunye nencopho yokuqukuqela kwamazinga.

Nangona kunjalo, i zibalo eyenziwe ngeminyaka yoo-1950 kunye noo-1960 ayizange ichaze ifuthe elikhawulezayo lokutshintsha kwemozulu, nto leyo ethe yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo iipateni zemvula kwaye yandisa ubunzulu bezehlo zemozulu ezimandundu. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje olupapashwe kwiijenali ze-hydrology kunye ne-climate science lubonise ukuba ukufudumala kwe-atmospheric kubangela imvula ephindaphindiweyo kunye nenamandla, okukhokelela kwizikhukhula ezinzima kakhulu ukuqikelela nokulawula.

Ukutshintsha kweMozulu: iNzululwazi eNgemva kwezantyalantyala zeZikhukula

Izikhukhula ze-2024 eValencia ziqhutywe yinto yemeteorological eyaziwa ngokuba yi "gota fría" okanye i-drop drop drop. Oku kwenzeka xa umoya obandayo ungqubana nomoya ofudumeleyo nozele ukufuma phezu koLwandle lweMeditera, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimvula emandla nenexesha elide. Njengoko amaqondo obushushu ehlabathi enyuka, iMeditera iye yaba yindawo ethandwa kakhulu yimozulu ebangelwa yimozulu. Amaqondo obushushu olwandle ashushu anyusa umphunga, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umoya ojikeleze umhlaba ube nokufuma okungaphezulu. Xa oku kufuma kuphuma, iziphumo zezantyalantyala zemvula ziba nzima kakhulu kunomyinge wembali.

Kutshanje isifundo liZiko laseYurophu loQoqosho lweMozulu oluPhakathi lugxininisa indlela amanzi ashushu eMeditera aziqinisa ngayo ezi ziganeko. Izandyondyo zemvula zika-2024 zisa imvula ephantse ibe ngunyaka ngosuku nje olunye, igqithisa zombini iinkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi endalo kunye nobunjineli. Ngelixa ukuphambukiswa koMlambo iTuria kukhusele umbindi weValencia kwimeko embi kakhulu, iindawo ezingqonge isixeko, ezingenazo izikhuseli ezifanayo zokhuselo, zonakaliswe yintlekele.

Unyino lweGeospatial kunye noCwangciso lweDolophu

Uguquguquko lwezikhukhula zentlekele ka-2024 lukwanika ukukhanya kwimida ye-geospatial yeprojekthi yokuphambuka ka-1957. Ngelixa umjelo womlambo owenziweyo ukwazile ukugcina amanzi ezikhukula kude nentliziyo yeValencia, akwenzanga nto ingako ukujongana nomngcipheko kwiidolophu ezikufutshane kunye nemimandla yasezidolophini esanda kuphuhliswa eye yanda kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Njengoko imizi ukukhula kunye nokunwenwa kwedolophu kunwenwela kwiindawo ezithandwa zizikhukula, iindawo ezingangenekiyo njengeendlela kunye izakhiwo ukunciphisa amandla endalo omhlaba okufunxa amanzi emvula, okwenza mandundu ukuqukuqela kwamanzi kunye nomngcipheko wezikhukula.

UGqr. Carmen Sánchez, isazi ngokusebenza kwamanzi kwiYunivesithi yasePolytechnic yaseValencia, uchaza inzululwazi ebangela obu buthathaka: “Ukwandiswa kwedolophu kuye kwalugqwesa ulawulo lwezikhukula. Siye sakha kwiindawo ezinezikhukula ngaphandle kwezicombululo zaneleyo zokuhambisa amanzi, kwaye imifuziselo yethu, ebikade ibonakala yomelele, ngoku azanelanga kubushushu obugqithiseleyo obubangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu.”

Ulawulo lwezandyondyo lwexesha elizayo

Ukuziqhelanisa nale nyaniso yemozulu entsha, izazinzulu kunye nabacwangcisi basezidolophini babiza indlela epheleleyo ukomelela kwezikhukhula. Oku kuquka ukusebenzisa imodeli ephucukileyo yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ukuqikelela iimeko zezandyondyo zexesha elizayo phantsi kweemeko zemozulu ezahlukeneyo. Iinjineli zikwaphonononga ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokuhamba ngeenyawo engenekayo, ezidolophini imigxobhozo, yaye luhlaza amaphahla ukwandisa ukufunxwa kwamanzi kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Ukongeza, iingcali zikhuthaza ukwenziwa kwemijelo yesibini yezandyondyo kunye nezitya zokugcina amanzi ukuze kulawuleke ukubaleka okugqithisileyo.

Imeko yeTuria River diversion ibonisa zombini impumelelo kunye nokunciphisa ubunjineli benkulungwane yama-20. Nangona ngokungathandabuzekiyo isindise ubomi obungenakubalwa kwaye yakhusela iValencia kwizikhukula ezinkulu, ngoku kuyacaca ukuba kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo abanzi, anolwazi lwesayensi. Ukujongana nomngcipheko wezikhukula kwihlabathi elishushu kufuna indlela ebandakanya izinto ezininzi, ukudibanisa meteorology, hydrology, inzululwazi yemozulu, kunye ucwangciso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo.

Izikhukula zika-2024 kufuneka zisebenze njengefowuni yokuvusa: kwanemisebenzi yobunjineli ephawulekayo efana ne-Turia River diversion ayisanele ukuba yodwa. Ulawulo lwezandyondyo lwexesha elizayo lwaseValencia kufuneka ludibanise izifundo zembali kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi olusikelelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba isixeko silungele imingeni yemozulu eguqukayo.