Yintoni amandla eSolar kwaye asebenza njani?

Amandla esola ngumthombo onamandla, ococekileyo wamandla. Isebenzisa ukukhanya nobushushu beLanga ukwenza umbane kunye namanzi ashushu. Amandla eLanga abetha uMhlaba rhoqo ngeyure enesiqingatha anokwenza ihlabathi unyaka wonke¹.

Ubuchwepheshe belanga obufana neepaneli zePV kunye neenkqubo zeCSP zijika la mandla abe yinto esinokuyisebenzisa. Oku kunceda ukwenza igridi yethu yombane igcineke kwaye yomelele.

Amandla esola isebenza ngokusebenzisa izinto ezikhethekileyo kwiiseli zelanga ukubamba ukukhanya kwelanga. Oku kudala umsinga wombane. Singayisebenzisa le yangoku ukunika amandla amakhaya, amashishini, kunye neegridi zamandla amakhulu.

Amandla esola iinkqubo ziza kuzo zonke iisayizi. Unokuba nazo kuphahla lwakho okanye kwiifama ezinkulu zelanga. Banceda ukuvelisa amandla kwinqanaba elincinci okanye elikhulu¹².

• Amandla elanga ngumthombo wamandla ohlaziyekayo, ozinzileyo, nococekileyo ofumana amandla amaninzi eLanga.
• Itekhnoloji yelanga, efana neepaneli ze-photovoltaic kunye namandla agxininisiweyo elanga, aguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane kunye namandla ashushu.
• Iisistim zamandla elanga zinokufakwa kuzo zombini izikali ezincinci nezinkulu, zibe negalelo kwigridi yombane eyomelela ngakumbi.
• Isixa sokukhanya kwelanga esibetha umhlaba ngemizuzu nje engama-90 sinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla zonyaka zehlabathi.¹.
• Amandla elanga anokunceda ukunciphisa iindleko zombane, ukudala imisebenzi, kunye nokubonelela ngamandla okugcina xa edityaniswe nezisombululo zokugcina.

Imitha yelanga ngamandla avela elangeni anika amandla amandla elanga. Umthamo wamandla afika eMhlabeni utshintsha kakhulu ngenxa yendawo okuyo, ixesha lemini, kunye nemozulu³. Olu tshintsho lungundoqo ekwenzeni amandla elanga asebenze kakuhle.

Ukuthambeka koMhlaba kuchaphazela ubungakanani bokukhanya kwelanga esikufumanayo. Ngokomzekelo, iDenver, eColorado, ifumana ukukhanya kwelanga okungakumbi ngoJuni kunangoDisemba³. Imitha yelanga ibetha uMhlaba ngokuthe ngqo ngakumbi ehlotyeni kwaye kancinane ebusika.

Imozulu ikwadlala indima enkulu. Ngeentsuku ezicacileyo, ukukhanya kwelanga kunokuba ngaphantsi kwe-10%. Ngeentsuku ezinamafu, inokuba ngaphantsi kwe-100%.³. Iipaneli zelanga ukulinganisa amandla kwiikhilowatt-iiyure ngemitha yesikwere (kWh/m²). Ezinye iinkqubo zisebenzisa iiyunithi ezishushu zaseBritane ngonyawo lwesikwere (Btu/ft²).

Iindawo ezifana nomzantsi-ntshona we-United States zilungele amandla elanga³. Iinkqubo zePV zisebenza kakuhle apha ngenxa yemitha yelanga enamandla. Kodwa, ukuba zisebenza kakuhle kangakanani na kuxhomekeke kumandla elanga kuloo ndawo³.

Ukufumana ezona ndawo zibalaseleyo zamandla elanga, kusetyenziswa iimephu³. Ezi mephu zibonisa apho amandla elanga afumaneka khona kakhulu. Banceda ukukhetha iteknoloji yelanga efanelekileyo kwindawo nganye.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zamandla elanga: iPV kunye neCSP. Iiphaneli zePV zijika ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane ngokwenza iintlawulo zombane³. Iinkqubo ze-CSP zisebenzisa izipili ukujolisa ukukhanya kwelanga, ukwenza ubushushu bombane okanye ugcino.

Indlela amandla elanga aguqulwa ngayo abe ngamandla aluncedo ixhomekeke kwimitha yelanga ekuloo ndawo³. I-US ilungile kwiinkqubo zePV, kodwa obunye ubuchwephesha busenokungasebenzi kakuhle kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo³.

Utshintsho kwimitha yelanga lungundoqo kumandla elanga. Ukwazi malunga nemitha yelanga kusinceda sisebenzise oku umoya ovuselelekayo bhetele.

Imbali yamandla elanga ibuyela emva kumawaka eminyaka. Ngenkulungwane yesi-7 BC, abantu babesebenzisa imitha yelanga ukuqalisa imililo ngokuyibonakalisa kwizinto ezibengezelayo.⁵. Kamva, ngenkulungwane yesi-3 ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo, amaGrike namaRoma ayesebenzisa izipili ukuze akhanyise izibane kwimisitho yonqulo.⁶.

Isiqalo sokwenene samandla elanga safika ngo-1839. Ingcali yefiziksi yaseFransi uEdmond Becquerel isiphumo se-photovoltaic. Oku kufunyenweyo kwavula umnyango wezimvo ezintsha⁶.

Kwinkulungwane elandelayo, izazinzulu kunye nabaqambi basebenza ngamandla elanga. Bamisela inqanaba letekhnoloji yelanga yanamhlanje⁶. Ngo-1954, iBell Labs yenza i-silicon PV cell yokuqala. Le seli inokuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngamandla ezixhobo zemihla ngemihla⁶.

Le mpumelelo iqale ishishini lelanga langoku. Ngasekupheleni koo-1950, iisathelayithi ezisebenza ngamandla ePV kunye neziphekepheke zazijikeleza uMhlaba⁶.

Njengoko itekhnoloji yelanga iphucuka, iindleko zehla kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kunyuka⁷. Ngeminyaka yee-1970, iiseli zelanga zibiza nje i-$20 ngewathi nganye. Oku kwenza ukuba zifikeleleke ngakumbi kusetyenziso oluninzi⁶.

Ukususela ngoko, iinkqubo zelanga ziye zasekwa ehlabathini lonke. Banika amandla amakhaya, iimpompo zamanzi, iikliniki zonyango, kunye nokunye kwiindawo ezikude⁶.

Namhlanje, ishishini lelanga liyaqhubeka likhula. Sibona ngcono ukuguqulwa kwelanga kunye neendleko zepaneli ezisezantsi⁷. Amandla elanga amiselwe ukuba adlale indima enkulu kwikamva lethu lamandla azinzileyo.

Ihlabathi liya kumandla avuselelekayo, kwaye amandla elanga ahamba phambili. Iinkqubo zamandla elanga ziquka iiphaneli zePV ezenza umbane ukusuka ekukhanyeni kwelanga kunye thermal yelanga iinkqubo ukuba amanzi ashushu okanye izinto amandla⁸.

Kukho itekhnoloji ezimbini eziphambili zelanga: iipaneli zePV kunye iinkqubo ze-thermal zelanga. Iiphaneli zePV zijika ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane. Iinkqubo ze-thermal zelanga sebenzisa ubushushu belanga ukwenza umphunga okanye amanzi ashushu. Ezi zisetyenziswa kumakhaya, kumashishini, nakwiiprojekthi ezinkulu zamandla⁸.

Inkqubo yamandla elanga ineendawo eziphambili ezifana iiphaneli zesola, ii-inverters, ii-wiring, kunye nee-mounts. Iipaneli zelanga bamba ukukhanya kwelanga kwaye ukuguqule ube ngumbane. Ii-inverters zitshintsha lo mbane kuhlobo olusetyenziswa ezindlwini nakumashishini⁹.

Iibhetri zingundoqo ekugcineni umbane welanga uhamba xa kungekho langa. Basivumela ukuba sisebenzise amandla elanga imini nobusuku. Oku kwenza amandla elanga athembeke ngakumbi kwaye aguquguquke⁹.

Ukudibanisa iinkqubo zamandla elanga kwiigridi zamandla zingundoqo a luhlaza kwixesha elizayo. Njengoko amandla elanga ekhula, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye neenkqubo zamandla ezindala kubalulekile¹⁰.

"Amandla elanga kulindeleke ukuba abe ngowona mthombo mkhulu wombane kwihlabathi ngo-2050, ngokutsho kwe-International Energy Agency."⁸

Iteknoloji ye-Photovoltaic isebenza ngokusebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga ukwenza umbane. Oku kwenzeka xa ukukhanya kwelanga kubetha umphezulu we-semiconductor, njengesilicon, ebangela ukuba kukhululwe ii-electron¹¹. Iiseli zePV zijika ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ezi nkqubo ziye zabangcono, zisenza ukuba zibe luncedo kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu zamandla¹¹.

Izinto ezisisiseko zobuchwepheshe be-PV zixhomekeke kwizinto eziphathekayo ze-semiconductor¹². Ukungaguquguquki kwePlack kunye nomsebenzi womsebenzi zingundoqo kwindlela ezi zixhobo ezisabela ngayo ekukhanyeni kwelanga¹². I-silicon kunye ne-germanium zezona zikhethwa kakhulu kwitekhnoloji ye-PV, enikezela ukusebenza kakuhle kunye neendleko¹².

Uyilo olutsha kwiiseli zePV zenze ukuba zisebenze ngakumbi kwaye zifikeleleke¹². Itekhnoloji yefilimu encinci inikezela nokuguquguquka kunye ukonga iindleko¹². Iseli yokuqala yelanga yenziwa ngowe-1954, iqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla elanga emajukujukwini¹².

Njengoko iimfuno zamandla zehlabathi zikhula, ukufumana imithombo yamandla acocekileyo kubalulekile¹³. Iinjongo ezifana ne-SDG-7 kunye ne-SDG-13 zijolise ekunyuseni amandla avuselelekayo kunye nokulwa imo iyatshintsha¹³. Amandla elanga akhokelela kwikamva eliluhlaza¹¹.

Ukusebenza kunye, izazinzulu, iingcali zezoqoqosho, kunye njineli inokuphucula iinkqubo zePV zelanga¹¹. Ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji ye-photovoltaic kunye ezintsha, sinokwenza amandla elanga abe ngcono ngakumbi. Oku kuya kunceda ukudala ihlabathi lamandla acocekileyo, azinzileyo¹¹.

Iiphaneli zelanga zingundoqo ekusebenziseni amandla elanga. Zenziwe nge-silicon okanye ezinye izinto. Ezi panels ziyilelwe ukubamba ukukhanya kwelanga kwaye zijike zibe ngumbane¹⁴.

Le nkqubo, ebizwa ngokuba yi isiphumo se-photovoltaic, iguqula amandla elanga abe ngumsinga. Le yangoku inamandla amakhaya kunye namashishini.

Xa ukukhanya kwelanga kubetha iiseli zelanga, kuvuyisa ii-electron. Oku kubenza bakhululeke kwaye benze umsinga wombane¹⁴¹⁵. I-current ibanjwa kwaye ithunyelwe kwi-inverter.

I-inverter itshintsha i-current kwi-alternating current (AC). Le AC yeyona nto isetyenziswa ngamakhaya kunye namashishini¹⁴¹⁵.

Iphaneli yelanga nayo inesakhelo sesinyithi, i-glass casing, kunye nezinye iindawo. Ezi zikhusela ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kwimozulu¹⁵. Indlela iiseli ezicwangciswe ngayo kunye ne-inverter esetyenzisiweyo ichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwepaneli kunye namandla¹⁴.

Umbane owenziwa yiphaneli uxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Oku kuquka indlela omelele ngayo ukukhanya kwelanga, umgangatho kunye nobukhulu bephaneli, kunye nokuba zingaphi iipaneli ezikhoyo¹⁴. Kwiindawo ezingaqhagamshelwanga kwigridi, iibhetri zigcina amandla awongezelelweyo ukuze zisetyenziswe kamva¹⁴.

Iinkqubo ezibotshelelwe kwigridi zinokuthumela umbane owongezelelweyo emva kwinkampani yamandla. Oku kudala ukuhamba ngeendlela ezimbini kwamandla¹⁴¹⁵.

Amandla elanga ayingowombane kuphela. Isetyenziswa kwizifudumezi zamanzi, izibane zangaphandle, iimpompo, kunye nezipheki¹⁴. Njengoko iteknoloji iphucula, iipaneli zelanga ziya kubaluleka ngakumbi kumandla avuselelekayo.

“Amandla elanga akapheleli nje ekuveliseni umbane; inoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo ezinokuchaphazela kakhulu ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla kunye indawo. "

Iinkqubo zobushushu belanga yindlela elula kodwa esebenzayo yokusebenzisa amandla elanga. Bafudumeza amanzi kwaye banike ukufudumala kumakhaya kunye namashishini. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo ezenza umbane, i<em>solar thermal isebenzisa ubushushu belanga kulwelo olufudumeleyo. Oku kubenza basebenzise amandla kwaye banokonga imali¹⁶.

Umqokeleli we-parabolic odibeneyo ngumqokeleli welanga oqhelekileyo, wenza malunga ne-35% yazo zonke iinkqubo kwihlabathi jikelele.¹⁶. Ezi nkqubo zilungele ukufudumeza amanzi kumakhaya. Izibonisi ze-Linear Fresnel nazo ziyathandwa, zikhula nge-15% ngonyaka¹⁶.

Ubuchwephesha obutsha buye benza iinkqubo ze-thermal zelanga zasebenza ngakumbi. Umzekelo, ukongeza ii-turbulators kubaqokeleli bamacwecwe acaba kukhulisa ukusebenza kwabo ngama-20%.¹⁶. Abaqokeleli be-Parabolic trough babona ukunyuka kwe-30% kwimveliso yamandla kunye nabaphazamisi¹⁶. I-Nanomaterials kwi-linear reflectors yeFresnel iphakamisa imveliso yamandla ngama-25% ngokomndilili¹⁶.

Iinkqubo ze-thermal zelanga azikho nje kumakhaya. Zikwasetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso ukwenza imisebenzi efana nokuqhotsa ikofu, efuna amaqondo obushushu ajikeleze i450 °F.¹⁷. Amachibi elanga kunye neziko zinokufikelela kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, alungele ukwenziwa kwamandla kunye neenkqubo zemizi-mveliso¹⁷.

Iinkqubo ze-thermal zelanga nazo zisetyenziswa kwi izakhiwo. Iindonga zeTrombe, ngokomzekelo, zinokulawula amaqondo obushushu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-25% ngokufanelekileyo¹⁶. Ukongeza izinto zokutshintsha kwesigaba (PCMs) kwezi nkqubo zinokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okupholisa nge-30%¹⁶.

Ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kweenkqubo zokushisa zelanga kubonisa zabo ukubaluleka ekusingise kwikamva lamandla azinzileyo¹⁶.

Ukugxininisa kwiinkqubo zeSolar-Thermal Power (CSP) linyathelo elikhulu eliya phambili kumandla ahlaziyekayo. Basebenzisa izipili ukujolisa ukukhanya kwelanga kubamkeli. Obu bushushu buthi bujikwe bube ngumbane okanye bugcinwe ukuze busetyenziswe kamva¹⁸.

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo ze-CSP, nganye ineempawu zayo ezikhethekileyo. Iinkqubo zeenqaba zombane zisebenzisa izipili ukujolisa ukukhanya kwelanga kwisamkeli esisembindini phezulu kwinqaba. Iinkqubo zeconcentrator ezilandelelanayo zisebenzisa izipili ezinde, ezigobileyo ukujolisa ukukhanya kwelanga kumbhobho owamkelayo¹⁹.

Ubuchwephesha be-CSP bulungele ukusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso kuba bunokuvelisa ubushushu obuphezulu. Obu bushushu buluncedo ekukhupheni ityuwa, ekusetyenzweni kokutya, ukuveliswa kweekhemikhali, kunye nokulungiswa kweeminerali²⁰. Iya ithandwa kakhulu kumashishini ajonge ukunciphisa iindleko zamandla kunye ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni¹⁸.

Umthamo we-CSP wehlabathi ukhule kakhulu, wafikelela kwi-6.8 GW ngo-2021¹⁸. Ngo-2023, ifikelele kwi-8.1 GW, kunye neeprojekthi ezintsha e-China nase-Dubai¹⁸. ILebhu yeSizwe yaMandla aVuselelekayo ibika i-6.6 GW yomthamo wokusebenza we-CSP kunye ne-1.5 GW phantsi ukwakhiwa¹⁸. Kodwa ngo-2017, i-CSP yenza ngaphantsi kwe-2% yezityalo zombane zelanga zehlabathi¹⁸.

Iindleko zombane we-CSP zehle ngaphezulu kwe-50% kwiminyaka elishumi. Oku kuyenza ibe lusukuzwano olunamandla lokuveliswa kwamandla amakhulu²⁰. ISebe lezaMandla lase-US lijonge ukwenza izityalo ze-CSP zixabise nje i-$0.05 nge-kilowatt-yure nganye 2025²⁰.

Izityalo ze-CSP e-US ziqhube ngokuthembekileyo ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-15. Oku kubonisa amandla e-CSP exesha elide, amandla azinzileyo¹⁹. Njengoko iindleko ziqhubeka ziwa, i-CSP iya kudlala indima enkulu ekutshintsheni kumandla avuselelekayo, ngakumbi kumashishini apho ubushushu bayo obuphezulu buxabisekile.¹⁸²⁰¹⁹.

"Ukugxininiswa kwamandla elanga kukutshintshisa umdlalo kwindawo yamandla ahlaziyekayo, enikezela ngesisombululo esiguquguqukayo nesineendleko ezifanelekileyo zokuvelisa amandla amakhulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso."

Ukongeza amandla elanga kwiigridi zethu zamandla ngundoqo kwikamva lamandla aluhlaza, anamandla. Sisebenzisa iigridi ezihlakaniphile, ukugcinwa kwamandla, kunye nemithombo ebhetyebhetye yokulawula ukuhla nokunyuka kwamandla elanga²¹. Uphahla lwelanga inceda ukwenza igridi yethu ithembeke ngakumbi kwaye isebenze kakuhle²¹.

Ii-inverters zibalulekile ekwenzeni amandla elanga asebenze ngegridi yethu. Baguqula umsinga othe ngqo welanga ube ngumsinga otshintshanayo, uwulungele ukusetyenziswa kumakhaya nakumashishini²². Iinkqubo zeSolar kunye nokugcinwa kwazo zibalulekile. Banceda ukulungelelanisa unikezelo lwamandla kunye nemfuno, ukugcina amandla ehamba naxa kumnyama²².

Nangona kunjalo, ukongeza ilanga kwiigridi zethu akulula²¹. Ngo-2021, iTexas yajongana nelahleko enkulu yamandla, umonakalo, kunye nokufa ngenxa yesaqhwithi²¹. ICalifornia iphantse yaphulukana namandla ngexesha lobushushu ngo-2022²¹. Ezi ngxaki zibonisa ukuba sifuna utyalo-mali olongezelelekileyo kunye neengcinga ezintsha zegridi eyomeleleyo²¹.

Iqela leBiden-Harris liyayazi indlela ebaluleke ngayo igridi eyomeleleyo. Babekele bucala ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3.9 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ukulungiselela iNkqubo yoBume beGridi kunye neNkqubo yoBudlelwane bokuYila (GRIP)²¹. I-GRIP ijonge ukwenza igridi yethu ibe bhetyebhetye kwaye yomelele, sisebenzisa itekhnoloji entsha efana neebhetri zococeko, amandla athembekileyo.²¹.

Abaphandi be-NREL bakhokela indlela ekuphuculeni itekhnoloji yegridi²³. KwiZiko lokuHlanganisa iiNkqubo zaMandla, bavavanya kwaye bahlalutye iinkqubo zamandla, kubandakanya i-microgrids kunye neenkqubo zebhetri.²³. Umsebenzi wabo usinceda ukuba siqonde indlela yokudibanisa amandla ahlaziyekayo ngakumbi kwigridi yethu²³.

Njengoko amandla elanga ekhula, ukudibanisa kwigridi yethu iya kuba ngumngeni omkhulu²². Ngo-2030, uninzi lombane unokuhamba ngamandla ombane ngenxa yokwanda kwamandla elanga kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamandla²². Ii-inverters ezenza igridi esebenza ngamandla elanga zinokuphinda ziqalise igridi xa kucinywa umbane, ebonisa izisombululo ezintsha zokudityaniswa kwelanga.²².

Ukongeza ngempumelelo ilanga kwiigridi zethu, sifuna umxube wetekhnoloji, umgaqo-nkqubo, kunye nokusebenzisana. Ngokujongana nemingeni kunye nokusebenzisa amathuba, singenza ikamva elingcono, elinamandla ohlaza²¹²³²²,,

Uncedo-scale solar iifama, ezaziwa ngokuba iipaki zelanga okanye amabala elanga, ziindawo ezinkulu zeepaneli zelanga ezidityanisiweyo. Ziyilelwe ukuvelisa amandla amakhulu ahlaziyekayo²⁴. Ezi ndawo zelanga zondla ngokuthe ngqo kwigridi yombane, ukunika amandla acocekileyo, athembekileyo kumawaka amakhaya kunye namashishini²⁴. Ishishini lelanga linokuba negalelo kwikamva lamandla azinzileyo alinakuphikiswa, amandla elanga ayinto eninzi kwaye engenakuphela.²⁴.

Ukuseka a usetyenziso-scale solar ifama ifuna okubalulekileyo iziseko utyalo²⁴. Ezi projekthi zifuna umhlaba omkhulu, iinkqubo zothumelo ezomeleleyo, kunye nolawulo oluphezulu lobuchwephesha. Oku kuqinisekisa ukwenziwa nokuhanjiswa kwamandla okufanelekileyo²⁴. Ukudibanisa amandla elanga kuthungelwano lwamandla olukhoyo kufuna ukuphuculwa kweziseko zophuhliso. Olu hlaziyo luyafuneka ukuze kugcinwe uzinzo lwegridi kunye nokubonelela ukugcinwa kwamandla izisombululo²⁴.

Iifama zeSolar zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi zorhwebo, kubandakanywa uqoqosho lwesikali kunye neendleko ezincitshisiweyo zombane²⁴. Bangahlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo zamandla ngamandla acocekileyo, ahlaziyekayo²⁴. Ezi projekthi zikhulu zelanga zineendleko eziphantsi zokusebenza nokugcinwa kwazo xa sele zifakiwe. Oku kubenza isisombululo sokuvelisa amandla angabizi kakhulu²⁴. Ngaphezu koko, ishishini lelanga lidala imisebenzi kumacandelo ngamacandelo, livuselela uqoqosho lwasekhaya. Ingenisa ingeniso yerhafu kwaye inegalelo kuhlumo loqoqosho ngokubanzi²⁴.

Nangona kunjalo, iifama zelanga azinayo imingeni yazo²⁴. Ukuphumla kunye nokuxhomekeka kwemozulu kumandla elanga kufuna ukugcinwa kwamandla okanye izisombululo amandla backup. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwegridi²⁴. Ukongeza, iiprojekthi ezinkulu zelanga zinokungenelela Iindawo zokuhlala zendalo, umhlaba wokulima, okanye uvakalelo zendalo. Oku kuphakamisa iinkxalabo malunga nokusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye ifuthe kwindalo esingqongileyo²⁴. Izikhokelo zolawulo, inkuthazo karhulumente, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yezamandla zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseni ukukhula nokusasazwa koluntu. usetyenziso-scale solar ifama²⁴.

Umbane welanga ufumene umndilili wokukhula ngonyaka wama-49% kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. I-US ijolise ukufikelela kwi-terawatt enye (TW) yomthamo welanga ngo-2035²⁵²⁶. Olu hlumo lumangalisayo lubonisa amandla abalulekileyo okusetyenziswa kweefama zelanga ukuba negalelo kwikamva lamandla azinzileyo.²⁴²⁵²⁶.

"Amandla elanga ngumthombo obuninzi kwaye ongenakuphelelwa amandla okubonelela ngomthombo othembekileyo wamandla kwizizukulwana ezizayo."²⁴

Abaninimzi abaninzi bafuna ukunciphisa amatyala abo amandla kwaye baphile ngokuzinzileyo. Uphahla lwelanga Iinkqubo zamandla ziba lukhetho oluphezulu. Basebenzisa amandla elanga ukwenza umbane ococekileyo, ohlaziyekayo emakhayeni, benikezela ngenye indlela eluhlaza kumandla emveli²⁷.

E-US, inkqubo yelanga yasekhaya eqhelekileyo yi-7.15 kilowatts DC. Iqala ukusuka kwi-3 ukuya kwi-11 kilowatts, eyaneleyo kumakhaya amaninzi kwiindawo ezifana ne-Austin, eTexas²⁷. Iindleko zephaneli yelanga ziyehla, kwaye inkuthazo karhulumente efana neTyala yeRhafu yoTyalo-mali lweSolar yenza amandla elanga afikeleleke ngakumbi kubaninimzi.²⁷.

Iinkonzo zeSolar Energy, Inc., umboneleli okhokelayo welanga kuMbindi-Atlantic, uncede abamelwane ukuba bahambe ngelanga ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40.²⁸. Baziwa ngokunyaniseka, ingqibelelo, kunye neteknoloji entsha. Oku kubenza babe liqabane elithembekileyo kwabo bafuna amandla elanga kumakhaya abo²⁸.

Ngoku, ngemali mboleko yelanga, ukulinganisa iimitha, kunye nelanga kwimali yokubambisa, ukufumana amandla elanga kulula kunangaphambili.²⁷. Njengoko ishishini lelanga likhula, abanini bezindlu banokukhetha ezi ndlela zokulawula amandla abo kunye nokunceda iplanethi²⁸.

"Sizibophelele ekubeni yinkulumbuso yoLwabiwo lwaMandla eSolar / ukwakha / inkxaso kwingingqi ye-Mid-Atlantiki, ibonelela ngetekhnoloji entsha, amandla acocekileyo ahlala ecocekile, inkonzo ethembekileyo, kunye nezisombululo zeshishini le-turnkey."

– Iinkonzo zeSolar Energy, Inc²⁸.

Amandla elanga ngumthombo wamandla acocekileyo, ahlaziyekayo. Inika inzuzo enkulu yokusingqongileyo ngaphezu kwemveli ifosili yeefuweli. Ngokusebenzisa amandla elanga, amandla elanga anokusinciphisa kakhulu Imibhalo yenyawo yekhabhoni. Oku kukhokelela kwikamva lamandla azinzileyo²⁹.

Amandla elanga akavelisi ngqo ukukhutshwa kwegesi. Oku kuyenza ibe sisisombululo samandla acocekileyo³⁰. Umndilili wekhaya lase-US elitshintshela kwilanga linokusika i-8,440 yeeponti zokukhutshwa kwamalahle ngonyaka. Oku kufana nokutyala i-125 imithi qho ngonyaka³⁰.

Njengoko ukwenziwa kweepaneli zelanga kubangcono kwaye ukurisayikilisha kukhula, impembelelo yamandla elanga iye iyancipha³⁰.

Ukutshintshela kumandla elanga kunokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yehlabathi kakhulu. Eli linyathelo elikhulu lokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu²⁹. I-Ofisi yeSolar Energy Technologies yeSebe laseMelika laseMelika (i-SETO) iyasebenza koku. Bajonge ukwenza amandla elanga abe ngcono kumntu wonke²⁹.

I-SETO igxile kubulungisa kunye nobulungisa kwiiprojekthi zelanga. Bafuna ukunceda uluntu nokukhusela okusingqongileyo²⁹.

Ngokukhetha amandla elanga, sisondela ngakumbi kwi-a amandla e-carbon-neutral kwixesha elizayo. Oku kuyaphucuka ukugcinwa kwendalo kwizizukulwana ezizayo²⁹³⁰.

“Iiprojekthi zophando ezixhaswa ngemali yi-Ofisi ye-Solar Energy Technologies ye-DOE (SETO) igxile ekuphuculeni. nokugcinwa iziphumo ezivela kuphuhliso olukhulu lwelanga ukuqinisekisa Uvimba wendalo inokunanditshwa luluntu lonke kwixesha elizayo.”

Itekhnoloji yokugcina amandla ikhulisa amandla eenkqubo zelanga. Bajongana nokuhla nokunyuka kokukhanya kwelanga. Umzekelo, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zigcina amandla ongeziweyo elanga xa ilanga lingakhanyi³¹.

Iinkqubo zokugcina i-thermal kwizityalo ze-CSP nazo ziyanceda. Bavumela izityalo ukuba zisebenze iiyure ezinde³². Njengoko obu buchwepheshe bubangcono, amandla elanga athembeke ngakumbi kusetyenziso lwemihla ngemihla³¹.

Ukugcina amandla kwisikali esikhulu, izisombululo zoomatshini ezinje ngomoya ocinezelweyo kunye ne-hydrophon emponthiweyo azibizi kakhulu.³¹. Ugcino lwamandla omoya oluxiniweyo (CAES) lolona lubiza imali ephantsi, ixabisa i-105 yeedola kWh nganye³¹. I-hydro emponthiweyo inexabiso elincinci, malunga ne-$165/kWh³¹.

Ekhaya, iinkqubo zelanga ezineebhetri zibiza phakathi kwe-$12,000 kunye ne-$22,000³¹. Uninzi lwamakhaya asebenzisa i-lithium-ion, i-lead-asidi, okanye iibhetri ezijikelezayo zokugcina amandla³³. Ezi bhetri zihlala iminyaka emi-5 ukuya kwe-15, ngelixa iinkqubo zelanga zinokuhlala iminyaka engama-30³³.

Iibhetri zeSolar aziboneleli kuphela amandla okugcina kodwa zikwanceda ukugcina igridi izinzile³³. Basenokude banciphise amatyala akho ombane, ngamanye amaxesha baye kuthi ga kwiqanda³³. Kukho neekhredithi zerhafu kunye nezaphulelo zokunceda ukwenza iinkqubo zelanga zifikeleleke ngakumbi³³.

Obunye ubuchwephesha obunje ngee-flywheels kunye namafutha elanga nawo adlala indima kwihlabathi lelanga³². Banikezela ngamandla okukhawuleza kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla kwexesha elide³². Kwanokusebenzisa oko sele sinako kunokunceda ukulawula amandla kunye nokugcina igridi izinzile³².

Ekugqibeleni, ukongeza ukugcinwa kwamandla kwiinkqubo zelanga kubalulekile. Yenza amandla elanga athembeke ngakumbi kwaye asebenze. Ukusuka kwiibhetri ukuya kwindawo yokugcina i-thermal, ihlabathi lelanga liyakhula ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zethu zamandla³¹³³³².

Uqoqosho lwamandla elanga lutshintshe kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ubuchwephesha belanga buye baphucuka, kwaye ukwenza iipaneli zelanga kuye kwaba nexabiso eliphantsi. Oku kwenza utyalo-mali kumandla ahlaziyekayo lube nomtsalane ngakumbi³⁴. E-US, amandla elanga ngoku enza i-3.9% yawo onke amandla, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba akhule kakhulu.³⁴.

Ukumisela iinkqubo zelanga kunokubiza kakhulu ekuqaleni. Kodwa, ukonga imali kumatyala ombane kunokuwenza uxabiseke³⁴. Ixabiso lamandla elanga liye lehla kakhulu, ukusuka kwi-$ 10 nge-watt ngo-2003 ukuya kwi-$ 0.06 nge-kWh ngo-2024. Oku kungcono kunokuba oorhulumente babecinga ukuba kuya kuba yi-2020.³⁴.

Oku kuhla okukhulu kwexabiso kwenza amandla elanga afikeleleke ngakumbi kumakhaya nakumashishini.

Ixesha elithathayo ukubuyisela imali echithwe kwiinkqubo zelanga ziyahluka. Kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nokuba ungakanani na iindleko zombane, ukuba nelanga kangakanani, kunye noncedo lukarhulumente³⁴. Amazwe amaninzi anika ikhefu lerhafu, izibonelelo, okanye izivumelwano ezikhethekileyo zokukhuthaza abantu ukuba basebenzise amandla elanga. Oku kwenza iiprojekthi zamandla elanga zibe nomtsalane ngakumbi ngokwasezimalini³⁴.

Ezi zivumelwano zinokucutha iindleko zangaphambili. Oku kuthetha ukuba abantu bangaqala ukugcina imali ngokukhawuleza ngamandla elanga.

Utyalo-mali lwamandla elanga luzisa iinzuzo zexesha elide³⁵. Badala imisebenzi ekwenzeni, ukufaka, nokulungisa izixokelelwano zelanga. Oku kunceda uqoqosho lwengingqi³⁵. Amandla elanga nawo anciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni. Oku kunceda ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye neendleko zezoqoqosho³⁵.

“Amandla elanga anokunceda ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinzame zehlabathi zokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu.”³⁵

Ishishini lelanga liyakhula, kwaye inkxaso karhulumente iyanda. Oku kwenza ukuba inzuzo yezoqoqosho yamandla elanga ibe nomtsalane ngakumbi³⁴. ISebe lezaMandla lase-US licinga ukuba amandla elanga aya kwenza i-40% yombane wase-US ngo-2035 kunye ne-45% ngo-2050. Oku kuya kufuna ukwanda okukhulu kombane welanga.³⁴. Ngezicwangciso ezifanelekileyo kunye notyalo-mali, ikamva lamandla elanga likhangeleka liqaqambile.

Imarike yamandla elanga yehlabathi ikhokelwa ziinkokeli ezahlukeneyo zeshishini. Batyhala inguqulelo entsha kunye nokukhula kweli candelo likhula ngokukhawuleza³⁶. I-NextEra Energy yeyona nkampani inkulu yelanga, enexabiso lentengiso ye-151.19 yeebhiliyoni zeedola³⁶. I-Solar yokuqala kunye ne-Enphase Energy ilandela, kunye namaxabiso emarike ye-31.20 yezigidigidi kunye ne-17.65 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngokulandelelanayo.³⁶.

Abadlali abatsha bajoyina imarike, ngelixa iinkampani ezinkulu zikhula ukuba zihlangabezane nemfuno yamandla elanga³⁷. Ubungakanani bemarike yamandla elanga ibiyi-USD 253.69 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2023.³⁷. UMntla Melika ukhokele imakethi nge-41.30% yesabelo ngo-2023³⁷.

Abanye abadlali abaphambili babandakanya i-Nextracker Inc., i-Brookfield Renewable Partners, kunye ne-Clearway Energy³⁶. Ezi nkampani zikhokela kwitekhnoloji, ziqhubela phambili imakethi yelanga kunye nokubumba ikamva lamandla avuselelekayo³⁷.

"Ishishini lelanga likwinqanaba elibalulekileyo, elinamathuba okukhula angazange abonwe ngaphambili kunye nokubanakho ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinguqu yehlabathi ukuya kwikamva lamandla azinzileyo."

Ihlabathi liya kumandla avuselelekayo, kwaye ilanga lingundoqo kolu tshintsho³⁷. Ngenkxaso karhulumente, ukuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji, kunye nemfuno ekhulayo, imakethi yelanga imiselwe ukukhula.

Amandla elanga aba yinxalenye enkulu yenguqu yehlabathi kumandla ahlaziyekayo³⁸. Iya ifikeleleka ngexabiso eliphantsi kwaye isebenza ngakumbi, iyenza ibe ntle kumakhaya nakwizikhulu izityalo zamandla. Njengoko izazinzulu ziqhubeka ziphucula, amandla elanga aya kunceda ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zethu zamandla ngakumbi nangakumbi³⁹.

Ixesha elizayo Amandla esola ibonakala ilungile. Sinokulindela imibono emitsha kuphahla lwelanga, iimoto, kunye neendlela ezingcono zokugcina amandla⁴⁰. Kungekudala, Amandla esola inokuba ngowona mthombo wamandla weplanethi yethu³⁹. Inethuba lokuhlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zethu zamandla ukuba siwasebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo⁴⁰.

Ukufudukela umoya ovuselelekayo sele isenzeka, kwaye amandla elanga ngundoqo kwikamva eliluhlaza. Ngenkqubela phambili eninzi, iindleko eziphantsi, kunye nokusetyenziswa okungakumbi, Amandla esola iya kutshintsha indlela esilawula ngayo ihlabathi lethu. Iya kunciphisa ngco liseko, vusa iimbono ezintsha, kwaye uncede ukwenza amandla alunge kwaye omelele kumntu wonke³⁹³⁸.

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