Isiqephu sama-36: USolwazi waseHarvard & Columbia University uJulia Watson Uchaza Esidinga Ukukufunda Ekwakhiweni Kwezomdabu
UJulia Watson, Umklami, isishoshovu, isifundiswa, nombhali we I-Lo—TEK Design by Radical Indigenism
Okunye okuthokozisayo esikugcinele abalaleli ingxoxo no-Julia Watson….etholakala ngezansi nasesiteshini sakho se-podcast esiyintandokazi kusukela ngoLwesibili zingama-19 kuJulayi.
Julia is a leading expert of Lo—TEK nature-based technologies for climate-resilience. Her eponymously named studio brings creative and conceptual, interdisciplinary thinking to design amaphrojekthi kanye nezinkampani ezinentshisekelo yoshintsho oluhlelekile noluzinzile.
UJulia Watson uyisazi-mlando sezokwakha esaziwayo kodwa waziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe mayelana ne-Indigenous Architecture.
UJulia Watson uyisazi-mlando esidumile sezokwakha kanye nombhali wezincwadi ezimbalwa ngomlando wezokwakha. Unguprofesa eNyuvesi yaseTexas e-Austin futhi ufundise eHarvard University, Yale University, naseColumbia University. UJulia Watson ungomunye wochwepheshe abahamba phambili emhlabeni emlandweni wezokwakha futhi ushicilele izindatshana nezincwadi eziningi ngale ndaba.
Uyisikhulu esihlonishwa kakhulu ngale ndaba futhi umsebenzi wakhe uhlonishwa kakhulu ontanga yakhe. U-Julia Watson uyizwi elibalulekile emkhakheni womlando wezakhiwo futhi umsebenzi wakhe ubalulekile ukufundwa kunoma ubani onentshisekelo kulesi sihloko.
Iyini i-Indigenous Architecture?
Izakhiwo zomdabu yigama elisetshenziswa ukuchaza ukwakheka kwendabuko kwabantu boMdabu. Izakhiwo zomdabu zibonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwazo kwezinto zemvelo, ukuxhumana kwazo nomhlaba, nokugxila kwazo emphakathini.
Abadwebi bomdabu nabo bavame ukuhlanganisa izici zesiko labo emiklamo yabo, njengezindaba, izimpawu, nemikhosi. Izakhiwo zomdabu azigcini nje ngokuphathelene nesikhathi esedlule kodwa futhi nezamanje nekusasa.
Abadwebi bezakhiwo bomdabu basebenzisa ulwazi lwabo ukuze baklame izakhiwo ezisimeme ezizovumela abantu boMdabu ukuthi bagcine amasiko abo kuyilapho bejwayelana nezwe elishintshayo elibazungezile.
Ngokuxhuma kabusha nefa labo lezakhiwo, abantu boMdabu bazakhela ikusasa eliqhakazile bona neplanethi.
I-Lo-TEK
Ukufunda kubuhlakani bomdabu kanye ne-Ecological Symbiosis.
abstract
In an era of high-tech and climate extremes, we are drowning in information while starving for wisdom. Enter Lo—TEK, a design movement building on indigenous philosophy and vernacular infrastructure to generate sustainable, resilient, nature-based technology. Designers responding to the challenges ahead, could be imagining radical nature-based urban typologies that can sustain growth, where indigenous innovation is hybridized with contemporary materials and ukwakhiwa techniques. From the scale of the module, to the structure, to the infrastructure, and ecosystem, indigenous wisdom and ecological symbiosis can be reimagined to reduce density, rebuild diversity and shrink both the individual and urban footprint. Spanning 18 countries from Peru to the Philippines, Tanzania to Iran, Lo—TEK explores millennia-old human ingenuity on how to live in symbiosis with nature.
Ukubuka-phezu kwengcwele-i-Mahagiri-rice-terraces
Kusukela ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki, okusho indaba-yabantu, izinganekwane ziye zaqondisa isintu izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Eminyakeni engamakhulu amathathu edlule, ongqondongqondo be-European Enlightenment bakha inganekwane yobuchwepheshe. Ithonywe ukuhlangana kobuntu, ubukoloni, kanye nokucwasa ngokwebala, inganekwane yakushaya indiva ukuhlakanipha kwendawo kanye nokusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha zomdabu, ikubona njengento yokuqala. Okwakuqondisa lokhu kwakuwumbono wobuchwepheshe owawudla ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi nokumbiwa kwezinsiza. Inganekwane eyanika amandla iNkathi Yezimboni yaziqhelelanisa nezinhlelo zemvelo, ithanda uphethiloli ngomlilo.
Ukubhekana nekusasa elingaqinisekile futhi ubhekene nezenzakalo zesimo sezulu ezingenakubikezelwa kanye nokwehluleka kwesimiso semvelo esingenakuvinjelwa, isintu sinikezwe umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa izixazululo zokuvikela ihlane elisele, nokuguqula impucuko esiyakhayo.
Namuhla, ifa lale nganekwane liyasihlupha. Inqubekelaphambili ngezindleko zeplanethi yazala inkathi ye-Anthropocene - isikhathi sethu samanje sokuma kwezwe esibonakala ngomthelela ongenakuphikwa wabantu endaweni ezungezile esikalini soMhlaba. UCharles Darwin, isazi nesazi semvelo esibhekwa njengomsunguli wemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, uthe “ukushabalala kwenzeka kancane,” nokho amaphesenti angamashumi ayisithupha ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni ashabalala eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule.1 Ukuhlangabezana nekusasa elingaqinisekile futhi ubhekene nezenzakalo zesimo sezulu ezingenakubikezelwa, ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezilwane okungenakuboshwa, kanye nokwehluleka kwesimiso semvelo esingenakuvinjelwa, isintu sinikezwe umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa izixazululo zokuvikela ihlane elisele, nokuguqula impucuko esiyiphilayo. ukwakha. Nakuba sicwila kuleNkathi Yolwazi, silambele ukuhlakanipha. Ingxenyana kuphela yobuchwepheshe obabukhona ngesikhathi sokuKhanya obaziswa futhi beluswa kuze kube manje. Khonamanjalo, enye inganekwane yobuchwepheshe ibilokhu inathi kusukela ngaphambi kokuKhanyiswa. Ayaziwa, ekhona emaphethelweni akude oMhlaba, futhi abahlanganyeli bayo bathathwa njengabadala amakhulu eminyaka. Ngenkathi imiphakathi “yesimanje” izama ukunqoba imvelo egameni lenqubekelaphambili, la masiko endabuko ayesebenzisana nayo.
Ubuchwepheshe bomdabu abulahleki noma bukhohliwe, bufihlwa kuphela isithunzi senqubekelaphambili ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngenkathi umphakathi wazisa futhi ulondoloza ubuciko bezakhiwo zamasiko afile, njengamaPyramids aseGiza aneminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezine ubudala, labo abaphilayo bayaxoshwa, njengobuchwepheshe besiqhingi esintantayo seminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha saseMa'dan in. amaxhaphozi aseningizimu ye-Iraq. Inweba izizathu zomklamo ojwayelekile, i-Lo—TEK iyinhlangano ephenya ubuchwepheshe bendawo obaziwa kancane, ulwazi lwendabuko lwemvelo (TEK), imikhuba yamasiko omdabu, nezinganekwane ezidluliswa njengezingoma noma izindaba. Ngokuphambene ne-homogeneity yezwe lanamuhla, i-indigeneity ihlelwa kabusha njengesandiso sokuziphendukela kwemvelo sempilo ku-symbiosis nemvelo.
I-Radical indigenism iphikisana nokwakhiwa kabusha kolwazi futhi ihlola amafilosofi omdabu akwazi ukukhiqiza izingxoxo ezintsha.
Idamu lezinhlanzi, umfanekiso. Ibungazwe ngu-Julia Watson.
Iqanjwe nguProfesa wase-Princeton kanye nesakhamuzi saseCherokee Nation u-Eva Marie Garoutte, i-radical indigenism iphikisana nokwakhiwa kabusha kolwazi futhi ihlola amafilosofi omdabu akwazi ukukhiqiza izingxoxo ezintsha.2 Umqondo we-radical indigenism uthatha igama lawo egameni lesiLatini elithi "radical": radix, okusho ukuthi "impande". Idizayini nge-radical indigenism ibona ngeso lengqondo umnyakazo owakha kabusha ukuqonda kwamafilosofi omdabu maqondana nokuklama ukuze kukhiqizwe ingqalasizinda esimeme futhi ekwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu. I-Lo—TEK isiqondise enganekwaneni ehlukile yobuchwepheshe. Enye ethuthukisa ubuntu nge-radical indigenism.
Umkhakha wokuklama usesikhathini esibalulekile, unwebeka ukuze ubhekane nezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga izimpendulo eziqinile neziguquguqukayo. Njengoba ukuwohloka kwemvelo nomphakathi kuseduze emashumini eminyaka ezayo, ukuklama ezimpambanweni ze-anthropology, i-ecology kanye nokuqamba okusha kuyingxoxo ecindezela kakhulu yesikhathi sethu.3 Inganekwane entsha evuma i-Lo–TEK ibalulekile ekuqhubekiseni phambili ukuphilisana komuntu nemvelo.
Nakuba ulwazi lwesayensi lubhekwa njengeqiniso elibalulekile, empeleni luyizinganekwane eziguqukayo njalo.
Nakuba ulwazi lwesayensi lubhekwa njengeqiniso elibalulekile, empeleni luyizinganekwane eziguqukayo njalo. Ngokuphambene, umphakathi wethu awuzinaki izinkolelo ezingokomoya zomdabu njengenganekwane, naphezu kokuthi zihlanganisa ulwazi lweminyaka eyinkulungwane, oluhlala njalo lwezemvelo. Ukungasebenzi kwesayensi ehlanganisa isiko nengokomoya kubonakala engxabanweni ezungeze ukutholwa kanyekanye kwethiyori yokukhethwa kwemvelo ngu-Alfred Russel Wallace noDarwin, umgomo oqondisayo womcabango wemvelo kusukela ekukhanyeni. Ukungacaci kahle okuhlobene kukaWallace kungase kubangelwe kukho kokubili ukuxhashazwa kukaDarwin ngomsebenzi wabo wokusebenzisana kanye nezibopho zikaWallace ekusebenzelaneni nemimoya. Ekugcineni u-Wallace wakhishwa inyumbazane futhi wavinjelwa ontanga yakhe ngokufaka incazelo engokomoya endaweni yesayensi.
Njengoba izinkolelo kanye nezinganekwane zakha ingxenye enkulu ye-Lo–TEK, umzabalazo phakathi kwesayensi nemimoya usibekela abantu bomdabu, abasasele bengabasunguli bezinto ezintsha bemvelo beplanethi. Okwengeza le nkinga, umlando uphinda uveze ifa lokwabiwa komdabu ngaphandle kokuchazwa. Wona kanye umsuka wegama elithi ukusimama ungalandelelwa emuva kokuthi I-Great Lore yabantu base-Iroquois, kanye Nomgomo wayo Wesizukulwane Sesikhombisa, kucatshangelwa izenzo njengoba zithinta isizukulwane sesikhombisa ngemva kwazo.4 Le nhlangano ihlala ingaziwa, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokwesaba ukwenza ubuqiniso bayo besayensi ngezinkolelo ezingokomoya bungasebenzi, njengoba nje ubudlelwano babantu bomdabu nobuchwepheshe obuqhubekayo buhlala bungahlolisiswa.
Izinganekwane zomdabu zilandisa ngolwazi mayelana nokusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem lapho abantu beshumekwe khona. Namuhla, ingokomoya lamukelwe njengesisekelo se-eco-industry. Isiko elidumile likhuthaza ukugeza okuluhlaza, indlela ekha phezulu kunendlela ehlelekile yemvelo.
Emhlabeni wendabuko, ingokomoya endaweni lihlobene ngokuqondile nokusimama nokuphathwa kwezinsiza ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zezinkolelo, namasiko “esikhumbula ngawo ukukhumbula.” Izinganekwane zomdabu zilandisa ngolwazi mayelana nokusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem lapho abantu beshumekwe khona. Namuhla, ingokomoya lamukelwe njengesisekelo se-eco-industry. Isiko elidumile likhuthaza ukugeza okuluhlaza, indlela ekha phezulu kunendlela ehlelekile yemvelo. Ngokuphambene nokuxoshwa kuka-Wallace abhekane nakho, ukuphilisana kokomoya nesayensi kuyamukelwa esikhathini sethu esivumelana nemvelo. Abantu bayaqaphela futhi bakhathazekile ngendawo ezungezile kanye nendawo yabo kuyo. Yize isenzo somuntu sibalulekile, isenzo esilinganisweni sezingqalasizinda, esiklanywe ngenganekwane exhuma abantu ku-ecosystem, okungase kubangele ushintsho emhlabeni.
I-Fig. 4
Kule nkathi ye-Anthropocene, isintu sizodinga ukuchaza kabusha inganekwane yobuchwepheshe ukuze kufakwe ukuqanjwa kabusha kwendabuko.
Kule nkathi ye-Anthropocene, isintu sizodinga ukuchaza kabusha inganekwane yobuchwepheshe ukuze kufakwe ukuqanjwa kabusha kwendabuko. Amasiko omdabu omhlaba adinga ukuqashelwa njengasekuqaleni kunokuba abe nolwazi lwawo ekucabangeni kwekusasa lethu. Uprofesa waseHarvard uDkt. Edward O. Wilson ubikezela ukuthi phakathi nale minyaka eyikhulu ezayo ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuyoba yinto eza kuqala kithi.5 Nokho, ukushabalala kwezilwane kukodwa ngeke kube ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kakhulu kwekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili nanye. Amandla afanayo abangela ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo afaka engozini ubuchwepheshe bendabuko obungase bubambe ukhiye wokuphila komuntu. Njengoba imiphakathi yendabuko ingelinye lamaqembu athintwa kakhulu ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nemisebenzi eminingi, egameni lenqubekelaphambili, eye yashesha, ulwazi lwabo empeleni luyingxenye ebalulekile yesixazululo.
Esikhathini se-Anthropocene, umthelela wesintu emhlabeni awunakuphikwa. Ngokucekelwa phansi ngisho nangokulondolozwa, zonke izinhlelo zemvelo zithintwa isenzo somuntu. Manje sisempambanweni wezindlela lapho singaqhubeka khona nombono omncane wobuchwepheshe, ngenxa yebanga lethu nemvelo, noma singavuma ukuthi lena yindlela eyodwa nje futhi akuyona ukuphela kwendlela abantu abangaphila ngayo. Abaklami namuhla bayakuqonda ukuphuthuma kokunciphisa umthelela omubi wabantu kwezemvelo, nokho baqhubekisela phambili inganekwane efanayo encike ekuxhaphazeni imvelo. Sijikijela iMvelo njengamandla asongelayo manje aziphindiselela kithi, futhi njengomuntu odangele, sinikezela 'ekusindiseni kwethu ngendlela ehlakaniphile' yokusungula izinto zobuchwepheshe.
Abaklami namuhla bayakuqonda ukuphuthuma kokunciphisa umthelela omubi wabantu kwezemvelo, nokho baqhubekisela phambili inganekwane efanayo encike ekuxhaphazeni imvelo. Sijikijela iMvelo njengamandla asongelayo manje aziphindiselela kithi, futhi njengomuntu odangele, sinikezela 'ekusindiseni kwethu ngendlela ehlakaniphile' yokusungula izinto zobuchwepheshe.
Ngokwakha izingqalasizinda eziqinile kanye nokuthanda ukwakheka okufanayo kwe-hightech, siziba ulwazi lweminyaka eyinkulungwane lokuthi ungaphila kanjani neMvelo ku-symbiosis. Njengoba yathwalwa enkathini engaphambi kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, imizamo yokuqala yenhlangano yokonga imvelo “yokusindisa imvelo” yaqhubekisela phambili inganekwane efanayo yobuchwepheshe, ibheke abantu bomdabu kanye nezindlela ezintsha zabo. Izindawo zokulondoloza imvelo zazibhekwa njengehlane elivikelwe, okwasuswa kulo ukuphila komuntu. Izwe elimangalisayo nezinhlobo zezilwane kwavikelwa, kunobudlelwano be-symbiotic phakathi kwezinhlobo ezisekela i-ecosystem. Ngokuzama ukulondoloza imvelo, indlela yokubheka phezulu iye phansi ekongiweni ivamise ukuyicekela phansi. Le nhlangano yasusa abaphathi, yasula ulwazi, futhi yashaya indiva ubuchwepheshe obuqinile obukade bunciphisa izinselele zesimo sezulu izinkulungwane zeminyaka.
Okhokho baseMelika bezokongiwa kwemvelo babengeke bacabange ukuthi ukunyakaza kuzokwamukelwa emhlabeni wonke, kuxoshwe izigidi zabantu bomdabu futhi kusheshise ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ethunzini lenhlangano yezokongiwa kwemvelo kunendaba efihliwe yababaleki bokongiwa kwemvelo. Izigidi zabantu bomdabu ezisuswe ngokuhlelekile ezindaweni zazo ukuze kwakhiwe izindawo zokongiwa kwemvelo.6 Okuhambisana nalokhu kufuduka kwabantu abaningi ukulahlekelwa kwezinto ezintsha ze-Lo—TEK ezithembele futhi zivikele izilwane, izinto zokwakha, izinganekwane, kanye nomuntu.
Nakuba inhlangano yezokongiwa kwemvelo yaqanjwa ngezifiso ezitusekayo, yayisekelwe ekucabangeni kwesayensi yangaleso sikhathi eyayiphakamisa imvelo njengehlane elihlanzekile okwakumelwe lisindiswe, kuyilapho abantu bomdabu kanye nobuchwepheshe babo kwakunganakwa ngokuphelele. Ngokwazisa isayensi ngaphezu kwesiko, umuntu phezu komphakathi, kanye nehlane elihlanzekile ngaphezu kwabantu bomdabu, inganekwane ebusayo yobuchwepheshe yaqiniswa.
I-Fig. 5
Ukuhlola ezinye izindlela esikhundleni sezinganekwane ezibusayo kanye nokwehluleka ukongiwa kwemvelo kuveza ukuba khona kolwazi lwendabuko olubalulekile olubhekene nokushabalala. Kudingeka sishintshe indlela esibheka ngayo i-Anthropocene.
Asikwazi ukuthola izixazululo ezinkingeni esibhekene nazo ngemibono efanayo okwavela kuyo lezo zinkinga. Ukuhlola ezinye izindlela esikhundleni sezinganekwane ezibusayo kanye nokwehluleka ukongiwa kwemvelo kuveza ukuba khona kolwazi lwendabuko olubalulekile olubhekene nokushabalala. Kudingeka sishintshe indlela esibheka ngayo i-Anthropocene. Nakuba umthelela womuntu ukhona yonke indawo, akusho ukuthi konke ukusebenzisana kuholele ekubhujisweni. Lesi simo sengqondo siyasiqhelelanisa nemvelo kanye nemvelo kithi. Ngokuphambene, umqondo we-indigeneity ubona abantu njengengxenye yemvelo futhi uye washintsha ubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo njengesakhiwo sokwakha. Inganekwane entsha yobuchwepheshe enkathini ye-Anthropocene ingangena esikhundleni sosongo olusalindile lokuthi imvelo izosibhubhisa ngethemba lokuthi ukubambisana neMvelo kungasisindisa.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kusibonise ukuthi ukusinda kwethu akuncikile ekuphakameni, kodwa ku-symbiosis. Ohlelweni lokuklama amadolobha aqinile, ubuchwepheshe bomdabu bubalulekile enkulumweni yabaklami abakhuluma ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, njengoba kuyizibonelo eziphilayo ezihlanganisa ukucabanga kokuqina. Sidinga ukwandisa incazelo yethu yobuchwepheshe obuqhubekayo. Ngokuvuma amaphutha esimanje kanye nokwehluleka ukongiwa kwemvelo, singashintsha isikhundla sethu segunya sibe esokusebenzisana neMvelo. Lokhu kuzobandakanya ukuhlanganisa ama-nuances wokuqanjwa kabusha komdabu.
Ukwakha izingqalasizinda zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ezifanayo, neziqinile ekuphenduleni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuqhubekisela phambili inganekwane endala yobuchwepheshe. Uma kucatshangelwa ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle okushubile, izehlakalo zesiphepho eziphindaphindayo, neminye imithelela engalindelekile evela ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu, ingqalasizinda emile ifakazelwe inomkhawulo ekuphenduleni uguquko oluguquguqukayo. Ngaphandle kokwenza izinhlelo ezithambile ezisebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo njengesakhiwo sokwakha, lezi ngqalasizinda zihlala zingenakusimama ngokwemvelo. Enkathini yakho kokubili ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu be-utopian kanye nezimo zezulu ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili, sicwila olwazini, kuyilapho silambele ukuhlakanipha.
Kufanele siqale ukusho inganekwane esafufusa nokho yakudala yobuchwepheshe, lapho intuthuko ingatholakali nje ekuthatheni kwethu ikusasa. Njengabaklami, indima yethu ukwakha isisekelo esisha sokusebenzelana okuhle neMvelo. Ukuvuselela lobu budlelwano kusho ukuvuma ukuthi abantu bebelokhu bephila nezinhlelo zemvelo. Abantu bomdabu base-Great Lakes baholwa Yimiyalo Yoqobo.7 Lezi yizinganekwane eziye zadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngemikhosi equkethe ubuhlakani besikhathi esidlule. Azizona iziqondiso kodwa, njengekhampasi, zinikeza umumo kunemephu yesikhathi esizayo.8 Ukuqamba okusha kungatholakala olwazini lwesikhathi esedlule, kanye namasiko asifundisa ukuthi “sikhumbule ukukhumbula.”
Njengabaklami kudingeka sikhumbule ukuthi siyingxenye yemvelo. Ukusinda kwethu emhlabeni wonke kuncike ekucabangeni kwethu ukusuka “ekuphileni kwabanamandla” kuya “ekusindeni kwe-symbiotic kakhulu” njengesinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile.
Njengabaklami kudingeka sikhumbule ukuthi siyingxenye yemvelo. Ukusinda kwethu emhlabeni wonke kuncike ekucabangeni kwethu ukusuka “ekuphileni kwabanamandla” kuya “ekusindeni kwe-symbiotic kakhulu” njengesinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile.9 Imiphakathi yomdabu, eyamukela lokhu kucabanga ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, manje iphethe ibhange lomhlaba wonke le-eco-intelligence kanye nokuqamba okusha kwendabuko okuyigugu ngokungananazi, kodwa kuphela uma sitshala imali kulo. Esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, ukushabalala kwalobu buchwepheshe kuzohambisana nokushabalala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo njengenye yokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwekhulu lama-21.
Kucashunwe futhi kuthathwe kuJulia Watson, I-Lo-TEK. Idizayinwe yiRadical Indigenism (Taschen, 2019).
I-Kihamba Forest Gardens, umfanekiso. Ibungazwe ngu-Julia Watson.
amanothi
1 UCharles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, noma, Ukulondolozwa Kwezinhlanga Ezithandwayo Emzabalazweni Wokuphila. (London: J. Murray; WWF, 2014)
2 Fikret Berkes, I-Ecology Engcwele: Ulwazi Lwendabuko Lwemvelo Nokuphathwa Kwezinsiza (Philadelphia PA: Taylor & Francis, 1999).
3 UDamian Carrington noPaul Ehrlich, “Ukuwohloka Kwempucuko Kuyisiqinisekiso Esiseduze Phakathi Namashumi eminyaka”, The Guardian (Mashi 2018). Itholakala ku: shorturl.at/akzPY
4 Gro Harlem Brundtland, Umbiko Wekhomishana Yomhlaba Yezemvelo Nentuthuko: Ikusasa Lethu Elivamile. I-United Nations, ngo-1987.
5 Edward O Wilson, "I-Bottleneck", Isayensi yaseMelika (February 2002): 83-91. Itholakala ku: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-bottleneck/
6 UMark Dowie, Ababaleki Bezokongiwa kwemvelo: Ingxabano Yeminyaka Eyikhulu Phakathi Kokongiwa Kwemvelo Komhlaba kanye Nabantu Bomdabu (Boston: MIT Press, 2011).
7 uMelissa Nelson, Imiyalelo Yoqobo Yekusasa Elisimeme (Rochester, Vt.: Bear & Company, 2008).
8 URobin Wall Kimmerer, Ukuluka Utshani Obumnandi (Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions, 2013).
9 uLynn Margulis, Iplanethi ye-Symbiotic: Ukubukeka Okusha Ekuphendukeleni Kwemvelo (I-New York: Izincwadi Eziyisisekelo, 1998).
Uhlu lwezithombe
Umfanekiso 1 Ukubuka phezu kwamasimu elayisi aseMahagiri, ingxenye encane yesistimu yezolimo yeminyaka eyinkulungwane eyaziwa ngokuthi i-subak, ehlukile esiqhingini sase-Bali, e-Indonesia. ©David Lazar
Umdwebo 2 Umugqa wama-spoil craters ahlukaniswe ngokulinganayo inyoka eduze kogwadule kusukela ezintabeni zase-Elburz eziphakeme kuya emathafeni ase-Iraq futhi uwukuphela kobufakazi bomfula ongabonakali, ongaphansi komhlaba owenziwe umuntu obizwa ngokuthi i-qanat, owaqala ukwakhiwa AmaPheresiya phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BCE. ©Alireza Teimoury
Umfanekiso 3 Ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi eziseNingizimu ye-Iraq, yonke indlu yaseMa'dan eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-mudhif, eyakhiwe ngomhlanga we-qasab ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokusebenzisa udaka noma izinzipho, ingakwehliswa futhi yakhiwe kabusha ngosuku. ©Jassim Alasadi
Umfanekiso 4 I-Las Islas Flotantes iyisiqhingi esintantayo eChibini iTiticaca ePeru esihlalwa ama-Uros, akha yonke impucuko yawo ngomhlanga we-totora otshalwe endaweni. ©Enrique Castro-Mendivil
Fig. 5 Umhlanga we-Qasab sekuyisikhathi eside usebenza njengempahla yezindlu, imisebenzi yezandla, amathuluzi, kanye nefolishi yezilwane nezindlu zodaka ezihlukile zabantu baseMa'dan ezibonakala emidwebeni yaseSumeri kusukela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu edlule. ©Esme Allen
Umfanekiso 6 Umdobi osemusha uhamba ngaphansi kwebhuloho eliphilayo esigodini saseMawlynnong, eNdiya. Emanzini ahlala emanzi emahlathini ase-Meghalaya abantu baseKhasi basebenzise izimpande eziqeqeshekayo zezihlahla zenjoloba ukuze bakhulise u-Jingkieng Dieng Jri amabhuloho ezimpande aphilayo amakhulu eminyaka emifuleni. ©Amos Chapple
Bio
Umklami, isishoshovu, isifundiswa kanye nombhali, u-Julia Watson unguchwepheshe ophambili kubuchwepheshe bomdabu obusekelwe kwimvelo. Ukwenza kwakhe okungajwayelekile kwaholela ocwaningweni, ekubhaleni, nasekuklameni amaphrojekthi agqugquzelwe uhambo oluya ezindaweni zabomdabu, kuyilapho imfundo yakhe esemthethweni iholele ezikhundleni zokufundisa emanyuvesi e-Harvard, Columbia, RISD, kanye naseRensselaer. Umsebenzi kaJulia ushicilelwe kabanzi kumajenali afana ne-SPOOL, i-Topos Journal, kanye ne-Indigenous Peoples and Climate Technologies Guidebook. Ngo-2019 washicilela I-Lo-TEK. Umsebenzi we-studio ka-Julia uhlanganisa ukukhuluma, ukubhala, ukwakheka kwezwe kanye nomklamo wamadolobha, kanye nokubonisana ngekusasa kwezinkampani ze-Fortune 500. Unenhlanganyelo ne-Summit REALITY & Pop!tech, wathola uxhaso lwe-Christensen Fund, umklomelo ka-Arnold W. Brunner we-Architectural Research, umklomelo we-New York State Council of the Arts Architecture + Design, kanye neNxusa Lokuphazamiseka Ngokuklama le-WIRED.
“Sesiqala ukuqonda indida enkulu ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu: ukuthi abantu abathinteke kakhulu yikho ngokuvamile benza okuncane kakhulu ukukubangela. Okungaxoxwa kakhulu ngakho ukuthi abaningi balabo bantu nabo banobuchwepheshe, ifilosofi, nolwazi obelungavimbela amazinga okushisa akhuphukayo, imililo yequbula engalawuleki, kanye nezixhobo zamakhorali ezifayo kwasekuqaleni. Bangabantu abafana namaChagga eTanzania, anezinhlelo zezolimo zamahlathi ezisekela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaseMount Kilimanjaro futhi ondle abantu abakhula ngokushesha. Noma amaKayapó ase-Amazon Basin, abasebenzisa umlilo ukuze balime izitshalo zabo, bagcwalise umhlabathi, futhi bavikele izwe labo ekugawulweni kwamahlathi. E-Iran, abantu basePheresiya benze ama-qanats, noma imisele yamanzi engaphansi komhlaba, esebenza njengamafoil emvelo kumaphampu ethu adla amandla nemithombo. Bese kuba namaKhasi aseMeghalaya, eNdiya—eyaziwa njengendawo enemvula kakhulu emhlabeni—abanekhambi lokuzulazula izimvula ezinamandla neziphepho: Baye baqeqesha amakhiwane enjoloba ukuze akhule emifuleni. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka, izimpande ezinkulu ziyakhula, zinyakaze, futhi ziqine zibe amabhuloho okuwukuphela kwawo—emvelo noma ngenye indlela—angakwazi ukumelana namazinga akhuphukayo amanzi neziphepho ezinamandla. Laba ngabantu ababemukela ezolimo ezivuselelayo, ukuphila okungenadoti, nezisombululo ezisekelwe emvelweni kudala ngaphambi kokuba babe yizishoshovu zika-2020. Umklami wezakhiwo, umklami wezwe, kanye noprofesa wase-Harvard nase-Columbia u-Julia Watson bahambe emazweni angu-18 iminyaka eyisithupha bevakashela le miphakathi futhi babhale phansi izindlela zabo zokuphila encwadini yakhe entsha, Lo-TEK: Design by Radical Indigenism, eshicilelwe yi-Taschen ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka. Ngaphandle kokukhanyisa amasiko nezinqubo zabo ezintsha, uWatson ubonisa indlela izindlela zabomdabu eziwuzuzisa ngayo umhlaba—nokuthi zingamukelwa kanjani emhlabeni wonke lapho kubhekene nenkinga yesimo sezulu.”
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