Amadolobha Aqinile: Amadolobha Angavumelana Kanjani Nemiphumela Yokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu?

Globally we are seeing the catastrophic effects of climate change. With more frequent, more severe and previously unforeseen events, such as wildfires, hurricanes, flooding and drought, the need for resilient cities, and in particular infrastructure to be redesigned and/or rebuilt for climate resilience, could not be more apparent.

Liyini Idolobha Eliqinile?

Ngokusho kwe-OECD, amadolobha Aqinile angamadolobha anamandla okumunca, alulame futhi alungiselele ukushaqeka okuzayo (ezomnotho, ezemvelo, ezenhlalo kanye nezikhungo). Amadolobha aqinile akhuthaza ukuthuthuka okungashabalali, inhlalakahle kanye nokukhula okubandakanya wonke umuntu.

Resilient Cities are often considered the next chapter in sustainability. With energy and water conservation, we need to be doing more to ensure our cities and structures can withstand a climate event.

Ukulungiselela, Ukuzijwayeza, Ukubuyisela

Kungani sizidinga?

I-United Nations ibikezele ukuthi ngo-2050, amaphesenti angama-70 abantu emhlabeni wonke azobe esehlala emadolobheni. Njengoba u-60% wezindawo zokuhlala zasemadolobheni ezintsha ezisazokwakhiwa, kunethuba elikhulu lokwakha amadolobha aqinile.

Ngokuvumelana ne Ukuvinjelwa Kwezwek, u-$4.2 trillion angalondolozwa ngokutshala imali engqalasizinda eqinile. Nge I-United Nations Human Settlement Programmeebikezela ukuthi ngo-2030, ngaphandle kokutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile ukwenza amadolobha aqine kakhudlwana, izinhlekelele zemvelo zingadla amadolobha emhlabeni wonke amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-314 ngonyaka kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungase kubangele izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni ezifika ezigidini ezingu-77 ebuphofini. 

Lezi izibalo ezimangalisayo.

With the building industry responsible for 40% of global carbon emissions – we have an undeniable responsibility to reduce our impact on climate change and pursue sustainable and climate-resilient construction to create, build and shape our cities into resilient cities. 

I-Ajenda Yenhlangano Yezizwe ka-2030 Yentuthuko Esimeme (SDGs) iveza isidingo samadolobha aqinile enanini lempokophelo yawo, kokubili ngokucacile nangokucacile:

• Ngo-2030, "ukwakha ukuqina kwabampofu nalabo abasezimeni ezisengozini, nokunciphisa ukuchayeka kwabo kanye nokuba sengozini kwezehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu ezihlobene nesimo sezulu kanye nokunye ukushaqeka kwezomnotho, kwezenhlalakahle nezemvelo kanye nezinhlekelele" (Target 1.5, United Nations 2030 SDG)

• "Ukwenza amadolobha nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu zibandakanye, ziphephe, ziqine futhi zisimeme" (Target 11, United Nations 2030 SDG)

• "Ukuqinisa ukuqina namandla okuguquguquka ezingozini ezihlobene nesimo sezulu kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo" (Target 13, United Nations SDG)

Ukwakhiwa Okumelana Nesimo Sezulu

Ukumelana nesimo sezulu kucabangela kokubili izehlakalo ezinzima (amagagasi okushisa, izimvula ezinamandla, iziphepho, noma imililo yequbula) kanye nezenzakalo ezingapheli (ukukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle, izinga lomoya eliwohlokayo, kanye nenani labantu. ukufuduka). Ukwakhiwa okumelana nesimo sezulu kubandakanya ukuklama, Ubunjiniyela and building infrastructre that can withstand these acute and chronic events. It could mean passive ventilation to prevent overheating, expanded water storage, off-grid back-up power or mitigation of flood risks to name just a few.

It is generally considered that very few cities are currently equipped to deal with more frequent extreme weather events. There are some cities that have taken proactive measures to adapt their cities to protect against the effects of the climate crisis.

Barcelona, Greater Manchester, Helsingborg and Milan were unveiled in November 2021 by the Ukwenza Amadolobha Aqine Kakhudlwana ngo-2030 Isinyathelo sokuqala njengamadolobha amane okuqala aseYurophu aqashelwa “njengamaHub Resilience” ngenqubomgomo yawo nomsebenzi wokumela ukubhekana nezimo zezulu ezikhulayo nezinhlekelele.

Mhlawumbe omunye wemithelela yesimo sezulu ebaluleke kakhulu kanye nasemadolobheni imvelo eyakhiwe is the urban heat island (UHI) effect which essentially amplifies global warming, with temperatures rising significantly in cities. UHI is caused by the high thermal capacity (heat absorption) of concrete, asphalt and other dark coloured materials in the built environment.

Some cities are designing infrastructure to specifically combat UHI: Copenhagen, Denmark (which has pledged to become the first city to go fully carbon neutral by 2025, despite a ukwanda kwabantu) is cooling the city with seawater from the harbour; Four cities in Poland are using rainwater to combat the UHI effect with Green Bus Stops; Urban green spaces and green roofs can be seen in a number of cities such as Fukuoka, Japan and Paris, France.

Around the world, we can see many examples of how resilence can be embeeded at the core of design and construction:

• I-Philippines yamukele uphahla olumise okwedome ukuze imelane nemimoya enamandla nezishingishane. Imimoya enamandla ingaphinde ilwe nemithambeka enophahla oluningi, imishayo emaphakathi ukuze kuncishiswe amandla omoya nokucindezela ophahleni ngokumunca umoya ovela ngaphandle, nokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezithambile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala kwesakhiwo.

• In China, the Sponge Cities Project is piloting eco-engineering solutions to absorb and reuse rainwater in over 30 metropolises to reduce flooding risks.

• Miami is raising street levels and developing green infrastructure.

• I-Bangladesh inesakhiwo esinezinjongo eziningi esingahlala phezu kwezinsika ezinamathangi avuzayo asiphakamisa ngesikhathi sezikhukhula.

• Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezulu ezibandayo nezipholile, izindonga zamanzi zingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sikakhonkolo. Izindonga zamanzi ziqukethe izigubhu zamanzi zokugcina ukushisa futhi zinikeze isisindo esishisayo kanye nokushintshanisa ukushisa okusheshayo kunokhonkolo noma amatshe.

Singabheka lezi zibonelo, kanye nokunye okuningi, njengamamodeli wendlela esingashintsha ngayo futhi siqinise izindawo zethu ezakhiwe, futhi sivikele izikhungo zasemadolobheni emiphumeleni yokufudumala kweplanethi.