I-Walkable City: Indlela Umklamo Wasemadolobheni Owuthuthukisa Ngayo Umphakathi Nokuxhumana

Urban design is undergoing a transformative shift, moving away from car-dominated planning towards the creation of walkable cities that enhance quality of life. The Arup Group’s report, “Cities Alive: Towards a Walking World,” highlights 50 substantial benefits of increased walkability across social, environmental, economic, and political domains¹. This report analyses research and trends in city design, showcasing 80 international case studies and 40 actions for city leaders to improve walkability. This shift addresses sustainable development, city resilience to climate change, and promotes inclusiveness and equality.

• Imiphakathi ekwazi ukuhambahamba ikhuthaza ukusebenza komzimba nokuxhumana nabantu, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezempilo nokuphila kahle.
• Imindeni ikhangwa ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane ezinengqalasizinda ephephile yokuhamba ngezinyawo kanye nebhayisikili, engakhuphula inani lezindlu ezithengiswayo.
• I-Walkability isekela ezokuthutha ezisimeme, inciphisa ukuthembela ezimotweni futhi ifake isandla endaweni yedolobha eliluhlaza.
• Ukufaka izindawo zomphakathi kanye namabhizinisi endawo ekwakhiweni okuhambisekayo kuthuthukisa ukuxhumana nomphakathi nokunyakaza.
• Idizayini yasemadolobheni ephumelelayo ibeka phambili ukuphepha kwabahamba ngezinyawo nabahamba ngamabhayisikili, iqinisekisa izindlela ezinethezekile nezifinyelelekayo.

Idizayini yasemadolobheni idlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umlingiswa nokusebenza kwamadolobha esimanje. Kuthinta kakhulu indlela abantu abaphila ngayo, abasebenza ngayo, kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwezindawo zasemadolobheni². Abaklami basemadolobheni bangasebenza ezinhlobonhlobo zamaphrojekthi, kusukela ekudwebeni izinhlelo ezinhle kakhulu zezindawo ezinkulu ukuya emiklamo enemininingwane yemigwaqo yendawo noma izindawo zomphakathi.². Amaphrojekthi wezakhiwo zasemadolobheni angadlulisela 'umbono' phakathi neminyaka engama-20-25 ukukhombisa izinzuzo zezomnotho, zezenhlalo, nezemvelo zokutshalwa kwezimali noma izinguquko ngesilinganiso samasu.².

Idizayini yasemadolobheni iyinqubo yokubumba izici ezibonakalayo zamadolobhakazi namadolobhana, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwezakhiwo, imigwaqo, nezindawo zomphakathi. Kuwumkhakha wemikhakha eyahlukene ovala igebe phakathi kokuhlelwa kwedolobha kanye nezakhiwo, okuletha ugqozi lokuklama ekwenzeni inqubomgomo.².

Umlando wedizayini yedolobha ubonisa ushintsho ukusuka ekuhleleni okugxile emotweni ukuya kumadizayini alungele abahamba ngezinyawo, agxile emphakathini. Lolu shintsho lubonisa ukuguquka kwamagugu omphakathi kanye nokuqashelwa okukhulayo kokuthi izimiso zedizayini ezisebenzayo zasemadolobheni kufanele zibeke eqhulwini ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezisezingeni labantu, ukukhuthaza ukuhambahamba, kanye nokugqugquzela ukuxhumana nomphakathi.

Izimiso zokuklama zasemadolobheni ezisebenzayo zigxile ekudaleni izindawo eziphephile, ezinethezekile, ezihlukahlukene, nezikhangayo zabantu³. Idizayini enhle yasemadolobheni ibonisiwe ukuthi yengeza inani lezomnotho ngenzuzo ephezulu yokutshalwa kwezimali, amanani emali athuthukisiwe, izindawo ezintsha ezikhangayo, izindleko zokuphatha ezincishisiwe, nokunye.². Idizayini yasemadolobheni nayo ingaba negalelo ekudaleni okuguquguqukayo ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa okuxubile, ukusekela ukwakhiwa kabusha kwedolobha, kanye nokukhulisa udumo nokuzethemba entuthukweni².

Kuhulumeni wasekhaya, izikhulu zezakhiwo zasemadolobheni zibambisana eminyangweni yonkana ukuze zihlonze amandla esayithi oshintsho futhi zibandakanye ababambiqhaza ekubumbeni izincomo zentuthuko.². Iphepha Elimhlophe Lokuhlela lango-2020 liphakamisa uguquko ohlelweni lokuhlela lwesiNgisi, olugcizelela izinqubomgomo zemiklamo yedolobha kanye namakhodi okuklama, okudinga amakhono okuklama amadolobha ezinqumweni zamasu kanye neziqondiswe kusayithi elithile.².

"Silolonga izakhiwo zethu futhi ngemuva kwalokho ziyasibumba." – Winston Churchill

Iphrojekthi yocwaningo eyakhiwe yi-CABE kanye ne-DETR ihlose ukuhlola inani elengezwe ngokuklama okuhle kwedolobha³. The study conducted by the Bartlett School of Planning for CABE and DETR analyzed selected commercial developments in the UK to highlight the benefits of good urban design³. Ucwaningo lugcizelele ukubaluleka kokuthatha inani lenhlalonhle yezomnotho ledizayini enhle ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthathwa kwezinqumo kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali ekuthuthukisweni kwedolobha.³.

Urban areas are increasingly incorporating green walls and rooftops to enhance air quality, reduce urban heat island effect, and provide habitat for wildlife⁴. Ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa okuxubile okuhlanganisa izindawo zokuhlala, ezentengiselwano, kanye nezindawo zomphakathi kuhloswe ngazo ukudala imiphakathi ehlalakayo, enamandla, nehlukahlukene, kuncishiswe ukuncika ezimotweni.⁴. Creative placemaking involves creating aesthetically pleasing public spaces that foster creativity and community involvement, offering economic benefits by attracting tourists and businesses⁴.

Overall, effective urban design is crucial in shaping the future of modern cities, enhancing community, connectivity, and sustainability²³⁴.

Imiphakathi ekwazi ukuhambahamba ihlinzeka ngengcebo yezinzuzo, kusukela kwezempilo yomphakathi ethuthukisiwe kuya ekukhuleni komnotho kanye nokulingana komphakathi⁵. Izindawo ezihamba phambili zikhula ngokushesha okuphindwe kabili kunemakethe iyonke⁵, futhi amabhizinisi ayachuma emigwaqweni lapho ukuhamba kuphephile futhi kulula⁵. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Streetscape kuhlotshaniswa nerenti ephezulu kanye nokukhangwa kwamabhizinisi amasha, okwengeza inani endaweni⁵. Imiphakathi ekwazi ukuhambahamba ikhuthaza umnotho wendawo ngokusekela indawo yamabhizinisi endawo kanye nokwandisa ukuthandwa kwabavakashi nezakhamuzi⁵.

Imiphakathi ekwazi ukuhambahamba ihlinzeka ngezinzuzo eziningi, okuhlanganisa amazinga ancishisiwe okukhuluphala, ukuvivinya umzimba okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nomuzwa oqinile womphakathi.⁵. Kunokwenyuka kwamazinga okukhuluphala ezweni lonke, okwenza ukuhamba kube yindlela ebalulekile yokwandisa umsebenzi womzimba wansuku zonke⁵. Imiphakathi ekwazi ukuhambahamba ikhuthaza indwangu eqinile yasemadolobheni kanye nomuzwa womphakathi⁵.

Ukuklama izindlela ezilungele abahamba ngezinyawo kubandakanya ukudala imizila ephephile, efinyeleleka kalula enokukhanya okwanele kanye nezimpawu⁵. CRTKL, an urban planning firm, has designed successful town centres and walkable districts in the past decade, promoting sustainability, health and wellness, and economic prosperity⁵. Isikhungo sokuthenga se-Mosaic e-Fairfax County sesiguquke saba yindawo yomphakathi, ebonisa isici esibukhoma/somsebenzi/sokudlala sokuhamba kalula.⁵. I-Broward County Arena Concept Master Plan ilindele ukuba umphakathi oyibamba entshonalanga yeBroward County, ihhovisi elikhuthazayo, indawo yokuhlala, izihambi, ukuzijabulisa, nezindawo zokudayisa.⁵.

Ukuhlanganisa izindawo eziluhlaza ezindaweni zasemadolobheni kunikeza izinzuzo zemvelo, kuthuthukisa impilo yengqondo, futhi kudala amathuba emibuthano yomphakathi.⁵. Ucwaningo luka-Arup lubonisa ukuthi amanethiwekhi omgwaqo ahambayo ahambisana namazinga aphansi okukhuluphala, isifo sikashukela, isifuba somoya, nesifo senhliziyo.⁵. Ukutshala imali emigwaqweni engcono nasezindaweni zokuhamba kunganikeza imbuyiselo yokuncintisana uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaphrojekthi wezokuthutha⁵.

Ochwepheshe bokuhlela amadolobha kwa-CRTKL balungiselela izindawo ezisemadolobheni nezasemadolobheni ukuze zamukele imiphakathi ekwazi ukuhambahamba njengoba isidingo salezi zindawo siqhubeka nokwanda.⁵. Imizamo yokubhekana nobhubhane lwe-COVID-19 ikhombisa isisekelo sezinhlelo ezisekelwe emphakathini zokuvulela abahamba ngezinyawo imigwaqo futhi ibavale ezimotweni, igcizelela ukubaluleka kwamasu okuhamba.⁵.

Khonamanjalo, amadolobha afana neCopenhagen, iDenmark neTokyo, iJapan abeke phambili ngempumelelo ukuhambahamba ekuhlelweni kwawo kwamadolobha.⁶, okuholela ekwehleni kokuncika emotweni kanye nokuncipha kokuminyana kwezimoto nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni⁶. Smart city technologies have the potential to enhance walkability by providing real-time information for pedestrians⁶. Community engagement is essential for the successful implementation of walkability initiatives in urban areas⁶.

Izinzuzo zokuhambahamba zidlulela ngale kwempilo yomzimba, okuhlanganisa impilo yengqondo ethuthukisiwe, ukuxhumana okukhulayo komphakathi, nezikhala zomphakathi ezinempilo⁶. Njengoba izindawo zasemadolobheni ziqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ukuhlanganiswa kwe Izithuthukisi Zombuso Womphakathi futhi I-Smart Mobility Solutions izobaluleka ekudaleni imiphakathi ehambayo, esimeme, nethuthukayo⁷.

"Imiphakathi ekwazi ukuhambahamba ikhuthaza umnotho wendawo ngokusekela indawo yamabhizinisi endawo futhi yandise ukuthandwa kwabavakashi nezakhamuzi."

Izikwele zomphakathi namapaki zisebenza njengezikhungo zomphakathi ezibalulekile, ezikhuthaza ukuxhumana nomphakathi kanye nobunikazi bendawo⁸. Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo kuyindlela ebeka abantu kuqala kunengqalasizinda ekwakhiweni kwamadolobha⁸, encouraging sustainable practices to create more resilient cities⁸. Imizamo efana nohlelo lwase-Los Angeles oluthi “People St” lukhombisa ukuthi indawo yasemgwaqweni engasetshenziswa kancane ingashintshwa kanjani ibe amaplaza abahamba ngezinyawo namapaki amancane, ekhuthaza ukuxhumana nomphakathi kanye nokuhlola ngezinyawo.⁸.

Ukungabikho kwezindawo zomphakathi ezizinikele kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuxhumekeni komakhelwane, okuholela ekwandeni kokuhlukaniswa nomphakathi kanye nokuncipha kokubumbana phakathi kwabahlali.⁹. Ukufaka izindawo eziluhlaza njengezingadi ezisophahleni nezingadi zomphakathi kunganciphisa umphumela wokushisa wesiqhingi sasemadolobheni, kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yomoya, futhi kukhuthaze izinto eziphilayo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni⁹. Lezi zindawo zomphakathi zikhuthaza ukusebenzisana okungajwayelekile phakathi kwezakhamizi futhi zakhe ubudlelwano bomphakathi, njengoba kubonakala kumaphrojekthi wokuvuselela amadolobha ayimpumelelo.⁹.

Ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa okuxubile iyakhuthazwa ekwakhiweni kwezindawo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuxhumana komphakathi kanye nomsebenzi wezomnotho⁸. Amabhizinisi endawo ahlomula ekwenyukeni kwethrafikhi yezinyawo ezindaweni okuhanjwa kuzo, ngocwaningo olukhombisa ukuthi abahamba ngezinyawo bachitha cishe u-65% ngaphezu kwabashayeli.⁸. Imizamo eqhutshwa umphakathi, njengokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda elungele abahamba ngezinyawo kanye nezindawo zomphakathi ezibandakanya wonke umuntu, ingaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwendawo yonke yokuhlala ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.⁹.

Ukubandakanya umphakathi ekwakhiweni kwezindawo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izindawo zomphakathi zihlangabezana nezidingo nezifiso zawo⁸. Izinqubo zokubamba iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni komakhelwane ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zikhombisa izidingo zomphakathi kanye nezifiso, ezikhuthaza umuzwa wobunikazi kanye nokuhlonyiswa⁹. Izinkundla zokuxhumana zisebenza njengamathuluzi abalulekile okuqinisa ukuxhumana nomphakathi, ukunika amandla izakhamuzi ukuthi zihlanganyele, zabelane ngezinto ezikukhathazayo, futhi zisekelane, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukubumbana komakhelwane.⁹.

The High Line Park in New York City, Granville Island in Vancouver, and Cheonggyecheon Stream in Seoul are successful placemaking projects that have transformed underutilised urban spaces into vibrant community hubs⁸. Izinselelo ekwenziweni kwezindawo zifaka phakathi uxhaso kanye nesidingo sokusekelwa kwezepolitiki, kanye nokuntuleka komdlandla phakathi kwabaholi bomphakathi kanye nokungabi nantshisekelo kwabahlali ngezindlela zokuklama ezigxile ekuxhumekeni.⁸⁹.

Ukuxhumana okuvamile phakathi kwabaklami bezakhiwo, izikhulu zikahulumeni, abaholi bomphakathi, kanye nezakhamuzi kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa okubumbene kwamadolobha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuxhumana.⁹. Izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zamaphrojekthi okwenza izindawo ngempumelelo zihlanganisa ukusebenzelana nomphakathi kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe ukuthuthukisa izindawo zomphakathi⁸.

"Ukwenziwa kwezindawo kugcizelela indlela eqhutshwa umphakathi, ebandakanyayo, nesebenzisanayo ekwakhiweni kwamadolobha."

Idizayini yasemadolobheni ephumelelayo yeqa imingcele evamile, ehlanganisa ezokuthutha nokuxhumana njengezinto ezibalulekile¹¹. Ngokusebenzisa izinketho zokuthutha zezinhlobo eziningi, amadolobha anganciphisa ukuthembela ezimotweni futhi akhuthaze imiphakathi esimeme, exhumene.¹².

Izinhlelo zezokuthutha zomphakathi zasemadolobheni ezihlanganisayo zigcizelela ukufinyeleleka okuthuthukisiwe kwabantu abakhubazekile, izici ezifana namarempu, amakheshi, nezimemezelo ezilalelwayo/ezibukwayo ziba yizinga elijwayelekile.¹². Izinselelo kwezokuthutha zomphakathi zasemadolobheni zifaka inkimbinkimbi yokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bafinyelela kalula, hhayi nje ukugxila ekuhambeni kodwa nokukhululeka nokulingana.¹².

Emazweni asathuthuka, izinsiza zezokuthutha eziqhutshwa ngendlela engekho emthethweni zingabaluleka kakhulu ekuxhumekeni kwasemadolobheni kanye nomthombo wezinkinga ezifana nokuphepha kanye nokungcola.¹². Izinhlaka zomthetho ezifana nezenzo ze-Vogt kanye ne-Chevenement e-France zihlose ukwenza lula ukufinyelela ezinsizeni zomphakathi kanye nokugqugquzela izinhlelo zokuthutha zasemadolobheni ezilinganayo.¹². Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe kwezokuthutha zasemadolobheni ihlanganisa izibuyekezo zesikhathi sangempela kumashejuli nemizila ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenziseka kalula, izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi neziyingxubevange ezinciphisa ukungcola, kanye namadivayisi e-IoT athuthukisa amasistimu okulawula ithrafikhi.¹².

Amamodeli aphumelele ezokuthutha zomphakathi okufinyeleleka kuwo ahlanganisa isimiso sesitimela esingaphansi komhlaba saseTokyo esaziwa ngokugcina isikhathi nokuhlanzeka, kanye nesistimu yebhasi yaseCuritiba ehalaliselwa ngokusimama.¹². Ukwanda kwe-Los Angeles Metro ngokwenza ngcono uxhaso kuholele ekwandeni kwabagibeli, kwehliswa isiminyaminya nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya.¹².

ENairobi, eKenya, abantu abangama-42% bayahamba baya emsebenzini, bathola kuphela u-11% wemisebenzi, kanti labo abahamba ngamabhasi amancane bathola u-20% kuphela wemisebenzi.¹³. Ukwethulwa kwamabhasi okugcina amakhilomitha e-Lagos kuhloswe ngawo ukuxhumanisa imiphakathi engayodwa nezindawo ezinkulu zokuhamba¹³. Izinhlelo ezintsha ze-BRT zinganyusa isibalo semisebenzi efinyeleleka kubahlali, ikakhulukazi okuhlomulisa abampofu basemadolobheni, okubenza babe ngamaphesenti angama-25 amathuba okuba bahambe ngamabhasi baye emsebenzini.¹³.

These case studies demonstrate how innovative transportation solutions, coupled with sustainable urban design, can enhance connectivity and reduce car dependence, ultimately contributing to the creation of more livable and equitable cities¹¹¹²¹³. ,,

Ucabanga izixazululo zasemadolobheni design abe nomthelela omkhulu enhlalakahleni yabahlali basedolobheni. Ngokubeka phambili izindawo ezihambayo nokuhlanganisa okufinyelelekayo ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo yomphakathi, abahleli bedolobha bangathuthukisa kakhulu impilo engokomzimba nengqondo yemiphakathi.

Izindawo ezihamba phambili khuthaza indlela yokuphila esebenzayo, ngocwaningo olubonisa ukuthi ukuhamba njalo kunganciphisa ingozi yokushona ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngo-22%¹⁴. Ukuklama imiphakathi enengxube yokusetshenziswa komhlaba nezindawo okufinyeleleka kuzo ezindaweni eziseduze kushukumisela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe ukuhamba phezu kokushayela.¹⁵. Ukuminyana okuphezulu, izindawo ezisetshenziswayo ezixubile nazo zilinganiselwe kakhulu ngezibaluli zempilo kahle uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa kanye, izindawo eziminyana kancane.¹⁵.

Izindawo eziluhlaza zasemadolobheni zinikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile zempilo yengqondo kanye nempilo enhle. Amapaki nezingadi ezifinyelelekayo zingaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwenhlalakahle yengqondo evamile, ukunciphisa ukudangala, kanye namazinga aphansi okucindezeleka.¹⁴. Ukusebenzelana komphakathi okuseqophelweni eliphezulu okugqugquzelwa yilezi zindawo zomphakathi nakho kunomthelela ekwandiseni ukuzethemba, uzwela, kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo.¹⁴.

Ucabanga izixazululo zasemadolobheni design kungasiza futhi ekwehliseni izingcindezi zempilo yedolobha. Izimiso ze ukuvimbela ubugebengu ngokuklama imvelo (CPTED), njengokulawula ukufinyelela kwemvelo, ukugadwa, nokuqiniswa kwendawo, kungakhuthaza umuzwa omkhulu wokuphepha nokuvikeleka kubahlali¹⁴. Lokhu, kunomthelela omuhle empilweni yengqondo kanye nempilo yonke.

"Ukuklama amadolobha nemiphakathi yezempilo nempilo kubalulekile njengoba inani labantu basemadolobheni likhula emhlabeni jikelele."¹⁵

Njengoba umhlaba uya ngokuya uba yidolobha, njengoba kulinganiselwa ku-68% wabantu emhlabeni wonke abahlala emadolobheni ngo-2050.¹⁵, ukubaluleka kwe- izixazululo zasemadolobheni design ezikhuthaza inhlalakahle azikwazi ukugcizelelwa. Ngokubeka phambili ukuhambahamba, izindawo eziluhlaza, nokuphepha, abahleli bedolobha bangakha imiphakathi enempilo, nejabule kakhudlwana¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶.

Ukwakhiwa kwedolobha okuphumelelayo kuhilela ukuzibandakanya komphakathi okusebenzayo enqubweni yokuhlela. Ngokubandakanya izakhamuzi ekuthathweni kwezinqumo, amadolobha angaqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zasemadolobheni zibonisa izidingo zendawo kanye namagugu¹⁷. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zokubandakanya umphakathi: ukubamba iqhaza okufundisayo, ukubamba iqhaza kokulungiselela, nokubamba iqhaza ekuthathweni kwezinqumo.¹⁷.

Ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukusebenzelana komphakathi kwangempela, abahleli bedolobha kufanele badlulele ngalé kokwazisa umphakathi ngezinguquko ezizayo¹⁷. Ukubamba iqhaza kokulungiselela kuvumela umphakathi ukuthi unikele ngemibono kanye nempendulo kumaphrojekthi wentuthuko aqhubekayo, njengokuhlola nezinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi zomphakathi.¹⁷. Ukubamba iqhaza ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kunikeza izakhamuzi amandla okuhambisa iziphakamiso futhi zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwesabelomali, ukuhlela amadolobha, kanye namaphrojekthi entuthuko ngokusebenzisa isabelomali esihlanganyelayo.¹⁷.

Amathuluzi aku-inthanethi afana nezinkundla zokumepha ezisebenzisanayo, izinkundla zezingxoxo, namakhasi ewebhu azinikele awusizo ekubandakanyekeni komphakathi okubandakanyayo nokulinganayo ekuhleleni amadolobha.¹⁷. Lezi zinkundla zedijithali zenza izakhamuzi zinikeze impendulo, zabelane ngemibono, futhi zibambe iqhaza enqubweni yokuthatha izinqumo¹⁷. Impumelelo yokuxhumana nomphakathi nomthelela kungalinganiswa ngezinga lokubandakanyeka komphakathi, ukuqoqwa kwempendulo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemibono yabahlali¹⁷.

Incorporating community engagement into urban planning not only ensures that the built environment reflects local needs, but also celebrates the unique culture and identity of a neighbourhood¹⁸. Imicimbi efana ne-Porchfest, eqhamuke e-Ithaca, eNew York, ikhombisa ukuthi imizamo eholwa ngumphakathi ingaguqula kanjani izindawo ezihlala kuzo zibe izizinda zamasiko ezinempilo.¹⁸.

Ngokubandakanya izakhamuzi ngenkuthalo enqubweni yokuhlela, amadolobha angakha izindawo zasemadolobheni ezikhuthaza umuzwa oqinile womphakathi nokuba ngowabantu.¹⁹. The research methodology employed a semi-systematic literature review approach to investigate community engagement in smart sustainable cities¹⁹. Ucwaningo luhlonze ama-athikili angama-210 ngosesho kusizindalwazi se-Scopus kanye neWebhu yeSayensi, ngokukhethwa kokugcina okuhlanganisa izindatshana ezingama-35 ezikhonjwe ngoJanuwari 2021, izindatshana eziyi-11 ngoJulayi 2021, nezindatshana ezingama-25 ngo-Okthoba 2022.¹⁹.

"Ukuxoxisana nomphakathi akukhona nje ukwazisa abahlali, kodwa kuwukunikeza amandla okubumba ikusasa lezindawo ezihlala kuzo."

Ngokugona Izinqubo Zokuhlangana Komphakathi futhi Amasu Okwenza indawo, amadolobha angakha izindawo zasemadolobheni ezibonisa ngempela izidingo nezifiso zemiphakathi yawo eyahlukahlukene.

Esimeme ukuhlelwa kwedolobha futhi izixazululo zasemadolobheni design zibalulekile ekudaleni amadolobha esikhathi esizayo anamandla, angalungele imvelo. Izinto zokwakha ezinobungani bemvelo, izinhlelo zezolimo zasemadolobheni, kanye namasu amasha okunciphisa imfucuza kumane nje kuyizinqubo ezimbalwa ezisimeme zokuguqula isimo samadolobha emhlabeni wonke.²⁰.

The use of sustainable building materials, such as recycled plastics, bamboo, and cross-laminated timber, not only reduces the environmental impact of construction but also enhances the energy efficiency of buildings. In Vauban, Germany, for example, every structure produces equal or more energy than it consumes²⁰.

Imizamo yezolimo yasemadolobheni iyachuma emadolobheni, ihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo emisha, etshalwe endaweni futhi ikhuthaza ukuvikeleka kokudla. Lezi zindawo eziluhlaza azigcini nje ngokuhlobisa indawo yasemadolobheni kodwa futhi zisebenza njengendawo yokuhlala yezilwane zasendle futhi zisiza ekulawuleni amanzi emvula.²⁰.

Esimeme design zasemadolobheni also focuses on minimising waste through comprehensive recycling and composting programmes. By designing for waste reduction and repurposing, cities can significantly lower their environmental footprint and move towards a circular economy²¹.

Collectively, these sustainable practices contribute to the creation of resilient, liveable cities that prioritise environmental stewardship and the well-being of their residents²⁰²¹.

Esimeme design zasemadolobheni izinqubo, ezifana nalezi ezivezwe ngenhla, zibalulekile ekudaleni amadolobha esikhathi esizayo aphilekayo, akhathalela imvelo. Ngokwamukela lezi zixazululo ezintsha, abahleli basemadolobheni nabaklami bangasiza ukubhekana nezinselele zokukhula kwedolobha ngokushesha nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ekugcineni kuthuthukise izinga lempilo kubahlali basemadolobheni.²².

“Ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha okusimeme kubalulekile ekudaleni amathuba emisebenzi kanye nokukhula ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukumoshwa kanye nokungcoliswa kwemvelo.”²¹

Ubuchwepheshe budlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ikusasa lomklamo wasemadolobheni, bunikeza izixazululo ezintsha zokuthuthukisa ukusebenzelana komphakathi kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lempilo lilonke labahlali basemadolobheni. Kusuka izixazululo zokuhamba ezihlakaniphile ezinkundleni zokuxhumana zedijithali izinqubo zokuxoxisana nomphakathi, ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe kuguqula indlela esihlela ngayo nesibona ngayo amadolobha ethu.

Umqondo "wamadolobha ahlakaniphile" uye wanda kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, njengoba ochwepheshe beForbes Technology Council behlonza ubuchwepheshe bedolobha elihlakaniphile obuyi-12 kwangu-19 njengobufanele kakhulu abahleli basemadolobheni.²³. Izimoto ezizimele, amadolobha engqondo anikwa amandla yi-AI, kanye nedatha yendawo eyizibonelo ezimbalwa zokuthi ubuchwepheshe buguqula kanjani ukuhamba kwedolobha kanye nokulethwa kwesevisi.²³. Lezi ntuthuko zilungele ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba kwethrafikhi, ukunciphisa ukuminyana, kanye nokwenza ngcono izikhathi zokuphendula izimo eziphuthumayo, ekugcineni kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yempilo yonke kubahlali basedolobheni.²³.

Ngale kwezokuthutha, ubuchwepheshe budlala indima ebalulekile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo ezinolwazi lwabahleli basemadolobheni. Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kanye nekhompyutha “yokwazi okuqukethwe” okunikwa amandla yi-AI kunika amandla amadolobha ukuthi asabele ngokuphumelelayo ezidingweni zabasebenzisi, athuthukise ukwabiwa kwezinsiza namasevisi.²³. I-European Commission ikubonile ukubaluleka kobuchwepheshe bedijithali ekuthuthukisweni kwamadolobha, ngezinhlelo zokutshalwa kwezimali ezingaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-40 ngezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zoxhaso lwe-EU kusukela ngo-2021 kuya ku-2027.²⁴.

Ukuxhumana nemiphakathi yendawo kubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwedolobha okusebenzayo, futhi ubuchwepheshe buhlinzeka ngezindlela ezintsha zalokhu kusebenzisana. Izinkundla zedijithali namathuluzi aku-inthanethi anika izakhamuzi amandla okuba zibambe iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokuhlela amadolobha, zabelane ngemibono yazo, futhi zinikeze impendulo kalula kakhudlwana.²⁴. Lokhu kuthuthukisiwe ukuzibandakanya komphakathi isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amaphrojekthi okwakhiwa kwamadolobha ahambisana nezidingo kanye nezifiso zabantu abazowasebenzisa, ekugcineni akhuthaze umuzwa oqinile wokuba umphakathi nokuba ngowabanye.

Njengoba amadolobha eqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe ekwakhiweni kwamadolobha kuzobaluleka ekudaleni imiphakathi enempilo, esimeme, futhi ephilayo ebhekelela izidingo zabo bonke abahlali. Ngokwamukela amathuba avezwa ngu izixazululo zokuhamba ezihlakaniphile kanye nezinkundla zokusebenzisana zedijithali, abahleli bezindawo zasemadolobheni bangavula indlela yekusasa lapho ubuchwepheshe nomphakathi kusebenzelana ukuze balolonge amadolobha akusasa.

Abaklami basemadolobheni namuhla babhekana nenqwaba yezinselelo lapho bebumba amadolobha esikhathi esizayo. Ukulinganisa intuthuko nokulondolozwa kuwumdanso obucayi, njengoba belwela ukuphefumula impilo entsha ezindaweni zasemadolobheni kuyilapho behlonipha amagugu omlando namasiko achaza ubunjalo bomphakathi.²⁵.

Ukulingana kusalokhu kuwukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo ekwakhiweni kwedolobha, njengoba abaklami besebenzela ukwakha imiphakathi ebandakanyayo nefinyelelekayo esebenzela zonke izakhamuzi.²⁵. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlela okucatshangelwe kahle ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukufinyelela okulinganayo ezinsizakalweni, izinsiza, namathuba, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini acwaswayo. Izinyathelo zokudala zokwenza indawo ezihlanganisa ubuciko namasiko zingasiza ekukhuthazeni umuzwa womphakathi nokuba yingxenye.²⁵.

Amaphrojekthi wemiklamo emisha yasemadolobheni ngokuvamile abhekana nezithiyo zokuphatha ezingabambezela ukuqhubeka kwawo. Ukuzulazula kuwebhu eyinkimbinkimbi yemithetho, izimvume, nezigunyazo kudinga ukubambisana okucophelela phakathi kwabaklami, izikhulu zedolobha, namalungu omphakathi.²⁵. Ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda ewohlokayo, njengamanzi, imigwaqo, namabhuloho, nakho kuyinselelo ebalulekile kubahleli bedolobha ukuze bagcine amadolobha ephephile futhi esebenza kahle.²⁵.

Ngaphandle kwalezi zingqinamba, abaklami basemadolobheni bahlala bezibophezele ekudaleni izindawo zasemadolobheni ezinempilo, ezisimeme, nezibandakanyayo ezithuthukisa izinga lempilo yabo bonke. Ngokubhekana nalezi zinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi, bavula indlela yokuba amadolobha akusasa athuthuke²⁵²⁶.

"Ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha okusimeme akukhona nje ukudala izindawo ezinhle, kodwa mayelana nokuqinisekisa ukuthi lezo zindawo ziyafinyeleleka, ziyalingana, futhi ziyakwazi ukuqina kubo bonke abahlala khona."

Izinselelo ezibhekene nabaklami basemadolobheni ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zinezimo eziningi, kodwa ukuzibophezela kwabo ekudaleni amadolobha aphilayo, esimeme, nabandakanyayo kuhlala kuqinile. Ngokubhekana nalezi zinkinga ngezixazululo ezintsha, bakha ikusasa lezindawo zethu zasemadolobheni futhi bathuthukisa ikhwalithi yempilo yemiphakathi emhlabeni jikelele.²⁵²⁶.

Izitayela zemiklamo yasemadolobheni ziyahlukahluka kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, zinikeza izifundo eziningi kanye nezindlela ezintsha zamadolobha azozihlola²⁷. Amadolobha aseYurophu, ngokwesibonelo, avame ukubeka phambili imiklamo elungele abahamba ngezinyawo kanye nenethiwekhi yezokuthutha zomphakathi eqinile, okuhloswe ngayo ukunciphisa ukuthembela ezimotweni ezizimele.²⁸. Ngokuphambene, amadolobha amaningi ase-Asia afana ne-Singapore ahola indlela ekuhlanganiseni ngaphandle komthungo izindawo eziluhlaza ngaphakathi kwezindawo eziminyene zasemadolobheni, okuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi nokusimama.

Izikhungo zasemadolobheni zaseYurophu kudala zihamba phambili ekwakhiweni okuhamba phambili, okugxile kubantu²⁸. Izindawo zomphakathi zibonwa njengezibalulekile empilweni yomphakathi, ezihlinzeka ngezindawo zokujima, ukuphumula, nokuxhumana nabantu²⁸. Ukuhlelwa kwezokuthutha kulawa madolobha kuvame ukubeka kuqala imizila yamabhayisikili, izindlela zabahamba ngezinyawo, kanye nezokuthutha zomphakathi eziphumelelayo, okunikela ekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi yomoya nezindlela zokuphila ezisebenzayo.

Amadolobha amakhulu ase-Asia asungule izixazululo ezintsha ezinseleleni zokukhula kwamadolobha ngokushesha²⁷. Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu, njenge-inthanethi Yezinto nezakhiwo ezihlakaniphile, kwenze lawa madolobha akwazi ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana nokusebenza kahle.²⁸. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakwa kwamasu kwengqalasizinda eluhlaza, okuhlanganisa amapaki, izihlahla zasemgwaqweni, nezingadi zomphakathi, kuye kwasiza ekwenzeni ngcono izinga lomoya kanye nokukhuthaza ukuphila kahle kwengqondo ezindaweni eziminyene zasemadolobheni.

ENyakatho Melika yonkana, ukugxila okuvuselelwe ekuvuseleleni izindawo ezisemadolobheni nokudala intuthuko yokusetshenziswa okuxubile kuye kwavela njengento eyinhloko ekuhleleni amadolobha.²⁷. Le mizamo ihlose ukunciphisa ukuthembela ezimotweni ezizimele futhi ikhuthaze imiphakathi ekwazi ukuhambahamba, ekwazi ukuphila esekela amathuba ahlukahlukene omsebenzi, ezemfundo, nokuxhumana nabantu.²⁸. Ukufinyeleleka nokulingana ekwakhiweni kwamadolobha nakho sekuthole ukuvelela, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amalungu omphakathi afinyelela ngokulinganayo izinzuzo zezindawo zomphakathi eziklanywe kahle nengqalasizinda.

Le mibono yomhlaba wonke mayelana nesakhiwo samadolobha inikeza imininingwane ebalulekile kanye nogqozi emadolobheni emhlabeni jikelele, njengoba ebhekana nezinselele ezifanayo futhi elwela ukudala izindawo zasemadolobheni ezisimeme, ezixhumene, nezihlalekayo.²⁷²⁸.

Le mibono yomhlaba wonke ku I-Urban Design Solutions futhi Izindawo Ezihambayo ihlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile kanye nogqozi lwamadolobha emhlabeni jikelele, njengoba ebhekana nezinselele ezifanayo futhi elwela ukudala indawo yasemadolobheni esimeme, exhumene, futhi ehlalakayo.²⁷²⁸.

"Ukuklama kwedolobha kungathonya inhlalakahle yomphakathi ngokukhuthaza umuzwa wokuba ngowabanye, ukukhuthaza ukuphepha, nokubhekana nezinqumo zezempilo zomphakathi."²⁸

As the world continues to evolve, the field of urban design is adapting to meet the changing needs of cities and their residents. Emerging trends in urban planning are shaping the future of our built environments, driven by factors such as the rise of remote work, the urgency of climate change adaptation, and the growing demand for more liveable, sustainable communities.

Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 usheshise ukushintshela emsebenzini okude, uguqule indlela esisebenzisa ngayo izindawo zasemadolobheni. Abahleli basemadolobheni manje sebegxile ekwakhiweni kwezindawo eziguquguqukayo, ezinezinjongo eziningi ezingamukela ingxube yezindawo zokuhlala, ezohwebo, nezindawo zomphakathi, ezibhekelela izidingo zabasebenzi abahlakazekile.²⁹. Lokhu kugcizelelwa kokuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezididiyelwe kulungisa kabusha ikusasa lomklamo wamadolobha.

Njengoba imithelela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu iba sobala kakhulu, ukwakheka kwamadolobha kugcizelela kakhulu ukusimama nokuqina. Amasu afana nokuhlanganisa ingqalasizinda eluhlaza³⁰, kusetshenziswa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo³¹, nokusebenzisa izixazululo zethrafikhi ezihlakaniphile³¹ seziyingxenye yokuhlelwa kwedolobha ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokudala amadolobha anganayo imvelo.

Umqondo wendawo eyimizuzu engu-15, lapho zonke izinsiza ezibalulekile kanye nezinsiza zingaphakathi kohambo olufushane noma ukugibela ibhayisekili, uzuza amandla njengemodeli yokuthuthukiswa kwedolobha okuzinzile, okugxile emphakathini.³¹. Le ndlela ibeka phambili ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa okuxubile³¹, imigwaqo ehambayo, nezindawo zomphakathi ezikhuthaza ukusebenzelana komphakathi nomuzwa wokuba nengxenye, okunikela ekuphileni okuphelele nokusimama kwezindawo zasemadolobheni.

Njengoba amadolobha eqhubeka nokuguquguquka, ikusasa lomklamo wamadolobha lizololongwa ukuzibophezela kukho Ukuhlelwa Kwedolobha Esimeme futhi Ukuthuthukiswa Kokusetshenziswa Okuxubile, ukudala izindawo zasemadolobheni ezivumelana nezimo, eziphilayo, nezisabelayo ezidingweni ezishintshayo zezakhamuzi zakhona.

1. Ukudizayina Amadolobha Aphephile, Ahambayo Wezizukulwane Ezizayo Zezingane - https://www.gensler.com/blog/designing-safe-walkable-cities-for-children
2. Iyini i-Urban Design? | I-Urban Design Group - https://www.udg.org.uk/about/what-is-urban-design
3. Inani lomklamo wasemadolobheni - https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/fileadmin/uploads/dc/Documents/the-value-of-urban-design_0.pdf
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6. Ukusuka emigwaqweni yezinyawo ukuya ekuzinzeni: Ukuhlola Izinzuzo Nezinselele Zokuhamba Edolobheni… – https://medium.com/@LibraReview/from-sidewalks-to-sustainability-exploring-the-benefits-and-challenges-of-walkability-in-urban-04ed7fc61079
7. Ukuthuthukisa Ukuhamba Emadolobheni Ahlakaniphile: Ukubuyekezwa Kwezincwadi Eziphelele kanye Nohlaka Lwesu Lokusebenza - Ijenali Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yocwaningo kanye Nokusungulwa Kwesayensi (IJRSI) - https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/articles/enhancing-walkability-in-smart-cities-a-comprehensive-literature-review-and-strategic-framework/
8. Ukwakhiwa Kwendawo Emklamo Wasemadolobheni - https://urbandesignlab.in/placemaking-in-urban-design/?srsltid=AfmBOoqn0-5r0H18tNeu1IJpdZSUYnakX0K7zBN2VBZsaJCKG0hLdPNS
9. Izikhala zomphakathi kanye Idizayini Esimeme Thuthukisa Ukuxhumana Kwasemadolobheni - Userhub - https://userhub.com.bd/articles/community-spaces-and-sustainable-design-enhance-urban-connectivity/
10. Kuyini Ukwenza Indawo? - https://www.pps.org/article/what-is-placemaking
11. Ukubaluleka Komklamo Wasemadolobheni Womphakathi Wakho - https://mrsc.org/stay-informed/mrsc-insight/march-2020/the-importance-of-urban-design-for-your-community
12. Ezokuthutha Zomphakathi kanye Nokufinyeleleka: Ukuthuthukisa Ukuxhumana Kwamadolobha Okusimeme - Ibhulogi Yomhlaba Ye-MIPIM - https://blog.mipimworld.com/guide-green-real-estate/green-real-estate-enhancing-sustainable-urban-connectivity-public-transport/
13. Ukudala Imibuthano Enhle Phakathi KwezokuHlelwa Kwamadolobha kanye Nokuhamba Kwasemadolobheni - https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/transport/creating-virtuous-circles-between-urban-planning-and-urban-transit
14. Ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwedolobha kungayithinta kanjani impilo yengqondo - https://www.urbandesignmentalhealth.com/how-urban-design-can-impact-mental-health.html
15. Ibhekise Kwimpilo Enhlelweni Eklanyweni: Uhlaka Lokuhlola Imvelo Eyakhiwe Emadolobheni | I-HKS Architects - https://www.hksinc.com/how-we-think/reports/towards-wellness-in-design-a-framework-for-evaluating-the-urban-built-environment/
16. Ijenali Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yocwaningo Lwezemvelo kanye Nezempilo Yomphakathi - https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph/special_issues/relation_urban_design_people_wellbeing
17. Izinhlobo Ezintathu Zokubandakanyeka Komphakathi: Izibonelo, Amathuluzi Nezinzuzo - https://www.maptionnaire.com/blog/types-of-community-engagement-in-urban-planning
18. Ukunikeza Imiphakathi Amandla Ngokudizayina Kwedolobha Elibambe iqhaza - Gresham Smith - https://www.greshamsmith.com/news-and-insights/empowering-communities-through-participatory-urban-design/
19. Iqhaza Lokuhlanganyela Komphakathi Ekusungulweni Kwedolobha Elibheke Ekudalweni Ngokuhlanganyela Kwamadolobha Ahlakaniphile Esimeme - Ijenali Yomnotho Wolwazi - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13132-023-01176-1
20. Kuyini Ukuhlela Okuqhubekayo Kwedolobha? | I-Green City Times - https://www.greencitytimes.com/sustainable-urban-planning/
21. Urban development – a sustainable future – https://toposmagazine.com/sustainable-urban-development/
22. 14.4 Idolobha Elizinzile - https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/envrioscience/chapter/14-4-the-sustainable-city/
23. I-12 Technologies Ezobumba Ikusasa Lokuhlela Amadolobha - https://www.planetizen.com/news/2024/07/130328-12-technologies-will-shape-future-urban-planning
24. I-EUI-Innovative Actions (EUI-IA) Izingcingo Zeziphakamiso zinikezelwe ezihlokweni ezihambisana ne-New Leipzig Charter kanye nezinto ezibalulekile ze-European Union, ezifana noshintsho oluluhlaza kanye nedijithali, kanye ne-Urban Agenda ye-EU. 'Ubuchwepheshe emadolobheni' kuzoba ngesinye sezihloko zesesithathu - https://www.urban-initiative.eu/technology-cities
25. Ikusasa Lomklamo Wasemadolobheni: Amathrendi Nezinselele - https://urbandesignlab.in/the-future-of-urban-design-trends-and-challenges/?srsltid=AfmBOoq-5TwHchFrRc-krQ9Jr-tLC0EBUXBbA9ihk4DfwinoDfyYyYt4
26. Yiziphi izinselelo zokwakhiwa kwamadolobha emazweni asathuthuka? - https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/what-challenges-urban-design-developing-countries-s4vqc
27. Umbono womhlaba wonke wokuklama nokuhlela amadolobha ngemva kwe-COVID-19 (Ingxenye 3): Ingqalasizinda entsha - https://www.stantec.com/au/ideas/market/community-development/a-global-view-of-design-and-urban-planning-post-covid-19-part-3-new-infrastructure
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