Ngale Kwe-Glass Towers: I-Human-Centre Urban Design e-Vancouver

Vancouver, a pioneer in high-density urban development, is evolving beyond its well-known ‘Vancouverism’ model¹. Ukwakheka kwedolobha kwedolobha kuyahlukahluka, kugxilwe ezindlini zikanokusho kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwehhovisi elivuswe ngobuchwepheshe. Indawo yamahhovisi erekhodiwe engu-3.96 million yisakhiwa phakathi nedolobha, kanti u-65% wezakhiwo ezihlelelwe u-2022-2023 seziqashiwe, ikakhulukazi izinkampani zobuchwepheshe.². Abahleli bedolobha bahlose ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwesakhiwo, bagxile kuyo izikhala zomphakathi kanye nokuvuselela izindawo ezingomakhelwane ngaphandle kwendawo emaphakathi. U-Alexandra Steed, no uchwepheshe wokuklama idolobha, kwavula ihhovisi laseVancouver ngo-2024, okubonisa inkathi entsha ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kwedolobha.

• I-Vancouver idlulela ngale kwemodeli yayo enezitezi eziphakeme, egcwele ingilazi ye-'Vancouverism' iye endaweni yasemadolobheni ehlukahlukene.
• Idolobhakazi libhekene nokukhula kwamahhovisi okuqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe, njengoba ama-65% ezakhiwo ezintsha eseziqashwe amafemu ezobuchwepheshe.
• Abahleli bagxile ekuthuthukiseni izikhala zomphakathi, ukuvuselela izindawo ezingomakhelwane, kanye nokuhlanganisa izimiso zokuklama ezigxile kubantu.
• Isazi sokuklama kwedolobha U-Alexandra Steed uvule ihhovisi elisha eVancouver, okuwuphawu lokushintshela endleleni egxile kakhulu kubantu ekuthuthukisweni kwedolobha.
• Ukwethulwa kwezindawo eziluhlaza, izakhiwo ezisetshenziswa yingxubevange, nengqalasizinda elungele abahamba ngezinyawo kuhlose ukwakha idolobha eliphileka kakhudlwana, elihambekayo.

Idizayini egxile kumuntu ku ukuhlela emadolobheni ibeka eqhulwini izidingo kanye nolwazi lwabantu abahlala ezindaweni zasemadolobheni³. Igxile ekudaleni izindawo ezifinyeleleka kalula, ezijabulisayo, nezivumelanayo inhlalakahle yomphakathi. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zesimanje zasemadolobheni njengeVancouver, lapho ukuthuthuka okusheshayo nokwanda kwenani labantu kudinga ukuhlela okucatshangelwayo ukuze kugcinwe izinga lempilo.³. Human-centred design principles are being applied to address challenges such as balancing development with community needs and environmental sustainability.

Idizayini egxile kumuntu iyifilosofi ebeka umsebenzisi noma umphakathi enhliziyweni yenqubo yokuklama³. Kubandakanya ukuqonda izidingo, izifiso, namaphuzu obuhlungu abantu abazobe besebenzisa noma abaxhumana nendawo eklanyelwe. Le ndlela ehlanganisa konke iqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina noma indawo ihambisana nezidingo zabasebenzisi, kunokubeka isixazululo esilingana konke.

Ezikhungweni zasemadolobheni ezithuthuka ngokushesha njengeVancouver, idizayini egxile kumuntu ibalulekile ekudaleni imiphakathi ephilayo, esimeme, nelinganayo.⁴. Ngokubeka phambili izidingo zabahlali, amabhizinisi, kanye nezivakashi, abahleli basemadolobheni bangaklama izindawo ezikhuthaza ukuxhumana nabantu, bakhuthaze ezokuthutha ezisebenzayo, futhi bakhuthaze inhlalakahle yonke. Le ndlela ingasiza ekubhekaneni nezinselelo ezifana nalezi ukuhlela okulungele abahamba ngezinyawo, ukuzibandakanya komphakathi, kanye nokudalwa kokugqama izikhala zomphakathi.

By embracing human-centred design, urban planners can create vibrant, inclusive, and sustainable communities that enhance the quality of life for all who live, work, and play in the city³. Le ndlela yokwakhiwa kwamadolobha ibalulekile ekulolongeni ikusasa leVancouver nezinye izindawo zesimanje zasemadolobheni.

"Umklamo ogxile kumuntu awukona nje ukudala izindawo ezinhle, kodwa umayelana nokwenza izindawo ezicebisa ngempela izimpilo zabantu abazisebenzisayo."

Idizayini egxile kumuntu iyindlela ehlanganisa konke ukuhlela emadolobheni okubeka eqhulwini izidingo kanye nolwazi lwabantu abahlala futhi abasebenzisa izindawo zedolobha. Ngokugxila ekudaleni izindawo ezifinyeleleka kalula, ezijabulisayo, nezigxile emphakathini, le filosofi iba ngobaluleke kakhulu ekulolongeni ikusasa lezikhungo zasemadolobheni zesimanje njengeVancouver.

Indawo yasemadolobheni yaseVancouver inomlando ocebile nohlukahlukene, owakhiwe indlela eyingqayizivele yokuhlela idolobha eyaziwa ngokuthi "iVancouverism"⁵. Le modeli emisha iyagcizelela ukuthuthuka okungashabalali, ukuhlanganisa izindawo eziluhlaza zasemadolobheni, nokudala imiphakathi ebandakanyayo, ephilayo⁶.

Izakhiwo zakuqala zedolobha zathonywa izitayela zase-Europe nezaseNyakatho Melika zasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, okuhlanganisa i-Victorian, Edwardian, kanye ne-Arts and Crafts.⁵. Izakhiwo eziwuphawu njengeBritish Columbia Courthouse (1906), Dominion Building (1907), neHotel Europe (1909) ziyisibonelo salesi sikhathi.⁵.

Enkathini yangemva kweMpi Yezwe I, izitayela ze-Art Deco neModerne zazuza ukuvelela, njengoba kubonakala esakhiweni saseMarine (1930) naseBurrard Street Bridge (1932)⁵. Lokhu kwalandelwa ukukhuphuka kwe-West Coast Modernism, ebonakala ngamafasitela amakhulu engilazi kanye nokusetshenziswa kokhuni lwasendaweni, okwagcina kuphenduke ukwakhiwa kombhoshongo wengilazi odumile waseVancouver.⁵.

Umqondo weVancouverism ubandakanya imibhoshongo emide, emincane yokuminyana, ehlukaniswe kabanzi ngamabhilidi asezingeni eliphansi, amapaki amaningi, imigwaqo ehambayo, kanye nokugcizelela ezindleleni ezisimeme zokuhamba.⁵. Le ndlela yenze i-Vancouver yaziwe emhlabeni wonke ngokusungula kwayo izinto ezintsha ukuhlela emadolobheni⁵.

Ukugxila kwedolobha ekudaleni izindawo ezihlala abantu lapho abantu bengasebenza khona, badlale, futhi bathenge kuyisici esibalulekile sendwangu yalo yasemadolobheni.⁶. Lokhu kusekelwa uMthetho kaMasipala weZoning and Development By-law 3575, osungula imithethonqubo yokuthuthukiswa komhlaba⁵. Izakhamizi zinganikeza impendulo mayelana nokuklanywa kabusha kwezinhlelo zokusebenza, zifunde ngenqubo yokuklama kabusha, futhi zifake izicelo zokuklanywa kabusha⁵.

IVancouver iphinde yethula ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lweVancouver (City-wide) lokuqondisa idolobha ngo-2050 nangale kwalokho, kugxilwe kulo. ukuthuthuka okungashabalali, izindawo eziluhlaza zasemadolobheni, Futhi umklamo ohlanganisayo⁵⁶.

"IVancouver yaziwa emhlabeni wonke ngendlela yayo eyingqayizivele yokuhlela amadolobha eyaziwa ngokuthi 'iVancouverism'."⁵

Lapho sibhekene nokukhula ngokushesha kwamadolobha kanye nenani labantu elikhulayo, ifilosofi yokuklama okugxile kumuntu iye yabaluleka kakhulu ekulolongeni izindawo ezakhiwe zamadolobha esimanje.⁷. Le ndlela yokuhlela amadolobha kanye nezakhiwo ibeka phambili izidingo, okuhlangenwe nakho, kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu abazohlala kulezi zindawo, kunokugxila kuphela kubuhle noma ukusebenza kahle.

Izimiso eziyinhloko zomklamo ogxile kumuntu zihlanganisa ukufinyeleleka, ukubandakanywa, nokusimama⁷. Abaklami balwela ukwakha izindawo ezibhekelela abantu abanamakhono ahlukahlukene, ubudala, nezizinda zamasiko, baqinisekise ukuthi lezi zindawo ziyamukeleka futhi zisebenziseka kubo bonke.⁸. Additionally, the emphasis on sustainability aims to minimise the environmental impact of development, promoting regenerative, net-zero, and circular economy practices⁷.

Ukuqaliswa kokuklama okugxile kumuntu ekuhleleni amadolobha kunezinzuzo ezibonakalayo emiphakathini yendawo⁷. Ngokubandakanya izakhamuzi enqubweni yokuklama ngokusebenzisa izinhlolovo, izingxoxo, nezinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi, abaklami bangakha izikhala ezibonisa izidingo eziyingqayizivele nezindinganiso zabantu abazozisebenzisa.⁷. Le ndlela ikhuthaza umuzwa wobunikazi bomphakathi, ukuxhumana nomphakathi, kanye nenhlalakahle jikelele⁸.

E-Vancouver, ukwamukela kwedolobha izimiso zokuklama okugxile kumuntu kubonakala ekuthuthukisweni kwendawo yedolobha, njengoba lidlulela ngale kwemodeli yendabuko 'yeVancouverism' ukuze kubhekwane nezinselelo ezinjengokulinganisa intuthuko nezidingo zomphakathi kanye nokusimama kwemvelo.⁷⁹. Innovative technologies, from virtual reality to IoT sensors, are also being integrated to enhance the user experience and promote sustainable practices⁷.

“The built environment should be designed to empower and uplift the communities it serves, not just serve the interests of developers or city planners.” – Jane Jacobs, renowned urban theorist and activist⁷

As the world continues to urbanise, the philosophy of human-centred design offers a holistic and empathetic approach to creating vibrant, inclusive, and sustainable cities that truly cater to the needs of their inhabitants⁷⁹.

Njengosaziwayo uchwepheshe wokuklama idolobha, u-Alexandra Steed ubambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekulolongeni umzila wendawo yedolobha laseVancouver. Umsebenzi wakhe ubugxile ekudaleni okuphilekayo, izindawo zasemadolobheni esimeme ezibeka eqhulwini inhlalakahle yemiphakathi yendawo¹⁰.

Indlela Steed yoku ukuhlela okuhle kanye nomklamo wasemadolobheni umakwe ukuqonda okujulile kwezinselele eziyingqayizivele namathuba ethulwa yindwangu yasemadolobheni ehlukahlukene yaseVancouver. Amaphrojekthi akhe afune ukulinganisa isidingo sedolobha sokukhula nentuthuko nokuzibophezela okuqinile ekugcineni ingqikithi yezindawo ezihlala kuyo kanye nokugcina izinga lempilo eliphezulu kubahlali.¹¹.

Ngo-2024, u-Alexandra Steed wenza isinyathelo esibalulekile ngokuvula ihhovisi laseVancouver, ebonisa isahluko esisha endleleni yedolobha ekwakhiweni kwamadolobha. Lesi sinqumo samasu sihambisana nemizamo eqhubekayo ye-Vancouver yokwehlukanisa indawo yayo yedolobha ngale kwemodeli yombhoshongo wengilazi ojwayelekile kanye nokubhekana nezinselele ezivelayo ekuhleleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwedolobha. Ukuba khona kukaSteed kuleli dolobha kulethe ukugxila okuvuselelwe ezisombululweni ezintsha, ezigxile emphakathini okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukisa impilo yonke kanye nokusimama kwezindawo zasemadolobheni eVancouver.¹⁰¹¹.

"Umsebenzi ka-Alexandra Steed eVancouver ube ngumgqugquzeli wendlela ebanzi nebandakanya wonke umuntu ekuthuthukisweni kwamadolobha, ebeka izidingo zemiphakathi yendawo phambili ezinqumweni zakhe zokuklama."

IVancouver ibhekene nezinselelo ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwayo kwedolobha njengoba ifuna ukulinganisa intuthuko esheshayo nezidingo zemiphakathi yayo enempilo kanye nokusimama kwemvelo.¹². Iphaneli yokwakhiwa kwedolobha idlala indima ebalulekile ekubuyekezeni nasekuvumeleni amaphrojekthi amasha, ngokuvamile abhekana nezithakazelo ezingqubuzanayo kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha ezingaholela ekubambezelekeni nasekuyekeni.¹².

Enye yezinto ezibalulekile ukuhlonipha amagugu edolobha kube kuhambisana nokukhula. Ukuthuthukiswa kwekhempasi entsha ye-Emily Carr University of Art and Design, ngokwesibonelo, kugqamise ubunkimbinkimbi bokuxhasa ngezimali ukwakhiwa, ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo, kanye nokuzulazula endaweni esemthethweni.¹². Izinselelo zezakhiwo zasemadolobheni zaseVancouver zidlulela ngalé kwephrojekthi ngayinye, ehlanganisa ukukhathazeka okubanzi njengokuvumela, ukuhlela, ubunjiniyela, nemithethonqubo engqubuzanayo.¹².

Ukuzibophezela kwedolobha ekubeni “iDolobha Eliluhlaza Kakhulu” ngo-2020 kwengeza enye inkimbinkimbi ezinqumweni zokuhlela amadolobha.¹². Nge¹³ Ama-74% abantu baseCanada abahlala emadolobheni amakhulu kanye¹³ IMetro Vancouver ilindele abahlali abacishe babe yizigidi ezinhlanu ngo-2046¹³, isidingo sokulinganisela ukuminyana emadolobheni, ukucatshangelwa kwemvelo, Futhi impendulo yomphakathi akakaze agxeke kakhulu.

Njengoba iVancouver ilwela ukugcina isimo sayo njengedolobha elinempilo, elihlalekayo, kufanele iqhubeke nokubhekana nalezi zinselelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngomklamo wamadolobha obandakanya wonke, oqhutshwa umphakathi.¹⁴ ehlonipha amalungelo abantu, ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko, kanye nemvelo¹⁴.

"Ukuhlinzekwa kwengqalasizinda eqinile nethambile emadolobheni kudala umehluko phakathi kwabanakho nabangenakho."¹⁴

I-Vancouver isiqhamuke njengomholi ekwakhiweni kwedolobha eligxile kumuntu, enamaphrojekthi ambalwa aphawulekayo abonisa ukuzibophezela kwedolobha ekudaleni izindawo ezihlalayo nezisimeme. Lezi zenzakalo, ezihlanganayo ukuvuselelwa kwedolobha, ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo yomphakathi, Futhi ukusetshenziswa okuxubile izakhi, ziguqule izindawo ezingasetshenziswa kancane zaba izindawo ezinempilo, ezigxile kubantu.

One compelling example is the redevelopment of the False Creek Flats, a former industrial area just east of downtown Vancouver. The project, spanning 2.3 acres, has transformed the site into a mixed-use district with 200,000 square feet of retail space, 92 live/work units, and 641 parking stalls¹⁵. The project’s strategic location, within a 20-25 minute walk of downtown and adjacent to the Canada Line transit system with over 136,000 daily riders, has enhanced its accessibility and integration with the broader urban fabric¹⁵.

Enye indaba yempumelelo ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-Oakridge Centre, inxanxathela yezitolo yangaphambili enkabeni yeVancouver. Isiza esisha esingamahektha angu-2.32 sinezinyawo-skwele ezingu-1,073,715 zendawo esetshenziswayo exubile, okuhlanganisa izindlu zomphakathi, ihhovisi, izitolo, kanye nezikhungo zasenyuvesi.¹⁶. Lolu hlelo, oluhlale lungenamuntu iminyaka engu-11 ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni kamasipala aluthole ngo-C$5 million, luhehe izimpendulo ezingaphezu kweziyi-10 esicelweni sokuqala seziqu, nokugqamisa intshisekelo enkulu kulolu hlobo lweziqu. ukuvuselelwa kwedolobha isinyathelo¹⁶.

Lawa maphrojekthi akhombisa amandla omklamo ogxile kumuntu ekuguquleni izindawo zasemadolobheni. Izifundo ezibalulekile zihlanganisa ukubaluleka ukuzibandakanya komphakathi, ukubaluleka kokulondoloza amagugu kuyilapho samukela umklamo wesimanje, kanye nesidingo sokuvumelana nezimo ekuhleleni amadolobha ukuze kuhambisane nezidingo ezishintshayo nobuchwepheshe. Ngokubeka phambili izidingo kanye nolwazi lwabahlali, lezi ntuthuko zidale imiphakathi enempilo, ephilayo esebenza njengezibonelo ze ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo yomphakathi kanye nokukhula kwamadolobha okusimeme.

“Impumelelo yangempela yale phrojekthi ilele emandleni abo okudala izindawo ezingagcini nje ngokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezingokoqobo zomphakathi kodwa futhi ezikhuthaza umuzwa wokuba ngabangane nenhlalakahle.”

Njengoba iVancouver iqhubeka nokuvela, izifundo ezitholwe kulokhu intuthuko yokusetshenziswa okuxubile izobaluleka ekulolongeni ikusasa ledolobha. Ngokwakhela phezu kwalezi mpumelelo kanye nokuhlanganisa izimiso zokuklama okugxile kumuntu, iVancouver ingaqhubeka nokuhola ekudaleni izindawo zasemadolobheni ezihlalayo nezisimeme ezithuthukisa izinga lempilo yazo zonke izakhamuzi zakhona.¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷.

Ukubonisana nomphakathi futhi ukuhlela ukubamba iqhaza ziyizici ezibalulekile zendlela ye-Vancouver yokuthuthukiswa kwedolobha. Idolobhakazi lisebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokubandakanya izakhamizi ngenkuthalo, kusukela kuma-workshops omphakathi kanye nezinkundla zokuphendula eziku-inthanethi kuya kuma-charrette aklanywe ngokubambisana.¹⁸. Lokhu kuzibophezela ku ukusebenzelana kwababambe iqhaza kubonakala ngokwamukela kwedolobha uhlaka lwamasu lwe-Spaces to Thrive ngoDisemba 2021, olwaziswa yizinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo ezicela ku-300, amaqembu omphakathi, kanye nabamele cishe abangama-500.¹⁸.

Umnyango wokuhlela waseVancouver wenze isamba samathuba okuxhumana angama-51 kusukela ngoMeyi 2017 kuya kuFebhuwari 2021 ukuze kuqoqwe imibono evela emphakathini mayelana nemiklamo yengqalasizinda yomphakathi.¹⁸. Lezi zinhlelo zigxile ezikhungweni eziphethwe yiDolobha kanye nezisekelwe yiDolobha, okuhlanganisa izikhungo zezenhlalakahle, izindlu zomakhelwane, izikhungo zezempilo zomdabu kanye nezamasiko, amabhizinisi omphakathi kanye nezindawo zokuhlangana ezingahlelekile.¹⁸. Indlela yedolobha iqinisekisa lokho impendulo yomphakathi ilolonga ngokuqondile ukwakheka nokuthuthukiswa kwalezi zindawo ezibalulekile zomphakathi.

Ithonya le ukubonisana nomphakathi kubonakala ekuthuthukisweni kwemiklamo yasemadolobheni, njengesiphakamiso esinempikiswano sombhoshongo wengilazi wamanzi. Izakhamizi zizwakalise ukukhathazeka kwazo nezinto ezizithandayo ngokusebenzisa imigudu eyahlukene, okuholele ekutheni umnyango wokuhlela wedolobha ulungise imiklamo kanye nokubhekana nezidingo zomphakathi.¹⁹. Le ndlela yokubamba iqhaza, eboniswa yizinhlelo ezifana nephrojekthi ye-Reframing South Vancouver eholwa yi-South Vancouver Neighborhood House, inikeze amandla imiphakathi yendawo ukuthi ibambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo ekubumbeni indawo yasemadolobheni.¹⁹.

Idatha ekuthebula elingenhla igqamisa izici eziyingqayizivele zezibalo zenhlalo yabantu nezomnotho zase-South Vancouver, umphakathi oye wabhekana nezinselele ekufinyeleleni izinsiza zomphakathi nezinsiza.¹⁹. Naphezu kwalezi zingqinamba, izinhlelo eziqhutshwa umphakathi ezifana nephrojekthi ye-Reframing South Vancouver zinikeze izakhamuzi amandla okuba zibambe iqhaza ekulolongeni isimo sedolobha.¹⁹.

“Umnyango wokuhlela wedolobha uthole imiyalezo eminingi evela emphakathini mayelana nezinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha, ekhombisa izinga eliphezulu lentshisekelo yezakhamizi kanye nokuzibandakanya ekulolongeni isimo sedolobha laseVancouver.”

I-Vancouver yamukela amandla obuchwepheshe obusha ukuze ilolonge ikusasa layo lasemadolobheni²⁰. The city’s smart city initiatives are driving efficiency, sustainability, and enhanced quality of life for its residents²¹. Kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kokuhlaziywa kwedatha ukuze kuhlelwe amasu amadolobha kuya ekusebenziseni izinhlelo zokuthutha ezihlakaniphile, iVancouver ihamba phambili izixazululo zasemadolobheni eziqhutshwa ngobuchwepheshe.

Ingqikithi yalokhu kuguquguquka kwezobuchwepheshe ukugxila ekuthuthukiseni ukuxhumana nomphakathi kanye nokusabela²¹. Izinkundla zedijithali zivumela izakhamizi ukuthi zihlanganyele ngenkuthalo ekwakhiweni kwedolobha, zinikeze impendulo ebalulekile futhi zilolonge isiqondiso sezindawo ezihlala kuzo.²⁰. Le ndlela egxile emphakathini iwuphawu lwefilosofi yokuklama egxile kumuntu yaseVancouver, eqinisekisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bunikeza izidingo zabantu.

Imizamo yedolobha ehlakaniphile ye-Vancouver ichaza kabusha indawo yedolobha²¹. Idolobhakazi lisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu ukuze lenze ukusetshenziswa kahle kwezinsiza, lithuthukise ukuhambahamba, futhi likhuthaze imiphakathi esimeme.²⁰. Kusukela kumasistimu okuphatha ithrafikhi ahlakaniphile kuye ezixazululweni zokwakha ezonga amandla, iVancouver ihola phambili ukuhlela kwedolobha okudijithali.

Ubuchwepheshe budlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni imiphakathi yaseVancouver²¹. Izinkundla zedijithali nengqalasizinda ehlakaniphile ziqinisa ukuxhumana, zithuthukisa ukufinyelela ezinsizakalweni, futhi zidale izindawo zasemadolobheni ezisabelayo.²⁰. I-boom yehhovisi ledolobha eliqhutshwa ngobuchwepheshe liphinde lilolonge ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha, ngentuthuko entsha ebhekelela izidingo zezinkampani zobuchwepheshe kanye nabasebenzi bazo.

Njengoba iVancouver iqhubeka nokwamukela ubuchwepheshe obusha, indawo yedolobha yedolobha iyathuthuka ukuze isebenze kahle, isimeme, futhi igxile emphakathini.²⁰. Ngokusebenzisa amandla ezixazululo zedijithali, iVancouver ivula indlela yekusasa lapho ubuchwepheshe bedolobha elihlakaniphile kanye nomklamo ogxile kumuntu uyahlangana ukuze kwakhe izindawo zasemadolobheni ezinempilo, ezibandakanya wonke umuntu, nezichumayo²¹.

“Ubuchwepheshe abulona nje ithuluzi, kodwa buyisisusa sokudala amadolobha aphilekayo, axhumene futhi asimeme.”

- *U-Alexandra Steed, Umsunguli kanye Nothishanhloko, u-Alexandra Steed Urban*

Enkabeni yezindawo zasemadolobheni e-Vancouver eziphithizelayo, izindawo eziluhlaza zidlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ubunjalo bedolobha kanye nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zakhona.²². Ukuhlaziywa kwezithombe zesathelayithi zeMetro Vancouver kusukela ngo-2000 kuya ku-2022 kwembula ukuthi inani lendawo eluhlaza lehlile cishe kubo bonke omasipala kusukela ngo-2000.²². Amadolobha amathathu kuphela, i-Vancouver, i-White Rock, ne-Delta, athole ukuzuza okuncane endaweni eluhlaza²². Izindawo ezibone uhlaza lwehla kakhulu yilezo ezikhule kakhulu futhi zithuthuka, njenge-UBC, Ilokishi laseLangley, iPitt Meadows, neSurrey.²².

Amapaki nezindawo zemvelo eVancouver zinikeza inqwaba yezinzuzo emphakathini, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi yomoya kanye izinto eziphilayo ukwesekwa kokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle engokwengqondo nengokomzimba kubahlali²². Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukufinyelela ezihlahleni nasezindaweni eziluhlaza kungathuthukisa izimo zezempilo ezahlukahlukene futhi kuholele ekwandeni kokuzivocavoca umzimba, isikhathi eside sokuphila, kanye nemiphumela engcono yokukhulelwa.²². Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukuchitha isikhathi emvelweni kunganciphisa ama-hormone okucindezeleka, kuyilapho ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinohlaza okwanele kunganciphisa izingozi zesifo sikashukela, isifo senhliziyo, nokucindezeleka kwengqondo.²².

Indlela yeVancouver yokuhlanganisa imvelo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ibonakala ekugcizeleleni kwayo ekulondolozeni amaphasishi okubuka ezintabeni ezizungezile nasezindaweni zamanzi.²². Ukuzibophezela kwedolobha ekubeni iDolobha Elihlaza Kakhulu ngo-2020 kuye kwaqinisa imizamo yokuhlanganisa izindawo eziluhlaza kanye ukuklama okusimeme izimiso, ezifana design biophilic futhi i-ecological urbanism, ekuhleleni amadolobha²²²³. Imizamo yenziwe yokulawula imithelela engemihle endaweni ezungezile yaleli paki, njengokulahlwa kwenhlabathi e-Lost Lagoon nase-Beaver Lake, ukuphazamiseka kwezindawo zezitshalo nezilwane zasendle ngenxa yemisebenzi engaphandle komzila, nokuhlukana kwezindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yemizila nemigwaqo.²³.

Nakuba izinselelo zisekhona, ukuzibophezela kweVancouver ekulondolozeni nasekuthuthukiseni umnotho wayo izindawo eziluhlaza zasemadolobheni kuwubufakazi bokuqonda kwedolobha ngeqhaza elibalulekile elidlalwa imvelo ekudaleni imiphakathi ephilayo, esimeme, neqinile.²²²³.

"Ukufinyelela ezihlahleni nasezindaweni eziluhlaza kungathuthukisa izimo zempilo ezahlukahlukene futhi kuholele ekwandeni kokuzivocavoca umzimba, isikhathi eside sokuphila, kanye nemiphumela engcono yokukhulelwa."

Eminyakeni yakamuva, amanye amadolobha afana neLangley Township, Pitt Meadows, neSurrey agunyaze izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa amahlathi asemadolobheni nezindawo eziluhlaza.²². IVancouver iphakathi kwamadolobha ambalwa lapho indawo eluhlaza yasemadolobheni ikhule khona kusukela ngo-2000, idolobha litshale izihlahla eziyi-150,000 phakathi kuka-2010 no-2020.²².

I-Stanley Park Ecology Society (SPES) yasungulwa ngo-1988 njengeqembu elingenzi nzuzo elizinikele ekunakekeleni amapaki, ukongiwa kwemvelo, kanye nokufundisa umphakathi.²³. Ngo-2011, i-Vancouver Parks Board yakhipha i-“Stanley Park Ecological Plan”, ehlanganisa uhlaka lweminyaka eyi-10 lwemizamo eqhubekayo eqondiswe ezimpahleni ezi-5 ezisengozini kakhulu yezemvelo kuleli paki.²³. IVancouver yayikleliswe emadolobheni aphezulu ayi-120 aluhlaza kakhulu emhlabeni kusukela ngo-2023, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yezinqubo eziqhubekayo ezimpahleni zemvelo zasemadolobheni njengeStanley Park.²³.

I-Seawall eStanley Park yakhiwa phakathi kuka-1914-1971 ukuze kuncishiswe ukuguguleka kogu okubangelwa ukuhamba kwemikhumbi yezimpahla eBurrard Inlet.²³. IStanley Park yaheha izivakashi eziyizigidi eziyi-18 ngo-2021, nokuyenza ibe indawo edumile kubavakashi nabantu bendawo.²³²².

Njengoba iVancouver iqhubeka nokuvela, indawo eklanywe kuyo emadolobheni isilungele ukuba nezinguquko ezibalulekile, eziqhutshwa ukuzibophezela kwedolobha emisha yasemadolobheni, amadolobha aqinile, Futhi izindawo zasemadolobheni eziqinisekisa ikusasa. Ochwepheshe babikezela ikusasa lapho ukuminyana, ukusimama, nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kuzoba yizimiso ezibalulekile eziqondisayo zokuthuthukiswa kwedolobha.²⁴.

Idolobha kulindeleke ukuthi libone ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwezindawo ezisetshenziswa abantu abaningi, ukuhlanganisa izindawo zokuhlala, ezohwebo nezokungcebeleka ngaphakathi kwentuthuko efanayo.²⁵. Ubuchwepheshe be-Smart nabo buzodlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusabela kwengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni, kusukela ezinhlelweni zethrafikhi ezihlakaniphile kuye. izakhiwo ezonga ugesi²⁵. Ukwengeza, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo ezibanzi zokwabelana ngamabhayisikili kanye nokuguqulwa kwezindawo zasemadolobheni zibe izikhungo zasemadolobheni ezinempilo kungenzeka kwande kakhulu eminyakeni ezayo.²⁵.

Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kuzoba yisici esibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwedolobha laseVancouver, njengoba idolobha kufanele likwazi ukuphendula ekushintsheni kwezibalo zabantu, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kanye nezinselelo zemvelo.²⁴. Ingqalasizinda eqinile, efana nezindonga zolwandle kanye nezithiyo ezithuthukisiwe zasogwini, izobaluleka ekubhekaneni nosongo lokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle.²⁵. Imiklamo yezakhiwo eguquguqukayo neyimojuli engabhekana nezidingo eziguqukayo izobaluleka kakhulu, iqinisekise ukuthi izindawo zasemadolobheni zihlala zibalulekile futhi zisabela ezidingweni eziguqukayo zomphakathi.²⁴.

Ngokwamukela lezi zitayela zesikhathi esizayo, abahleli basemadolobheni eVancouver bahlose ukwakha idolobha elihluke kakhulu, elibandakanya wonke umuntu, futhi elizinzile, elingajwayelana nokushintshashintsha kwamagagasi ekhulwini lama-21.²⁴²⁵.

"Ikusasa lokwakhiwa kwamadolobha eVancouver limayelana nokudala izindawo ezingakhangi kuphela ngokubukeka, kodwa futhi ezivumelana nezimo, ezisimeme, futhi ezigxile ezidingweni zabantu abahlala kuzo."

Njengoba iVancouver iqhubeka nokuhola indlela yokungena emisha yasemadolobheni, amadolobha aqinile, Futhi izindawo zasemadolobheni eziqinisekisa ikusasa, umklamo walo wedolobha ngokungangabazeki uzoba nendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ikusasa ledolobha futhi uthuthukise izinga lempilo kubahlali balo.²⁴²⁵.

Ukubumba indawo yedolobha laseVancouver eminyakeni ezayo kudinga indlela yokusebenzisana phakathi kwababambe iqhaza abahlukahlukene²⁶. Globally, cities consume over two-thirds of the world’s energy and account for more than 70% of global carbon dioxide emissions, highlighting the need for innovative, sustainable solutions²⁶. E-Canada, amadolobha ayikhaya labantu abangaphezu kuka-80%, abantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingama-29, futhi kuzoba okugxilwe kakhulu ekutshalweni kwezimali okubalulekile komphakathi nokwangasese kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo.

Ubambiswano nohulumeni wasekhaya ludlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenziseni imigomo yokuklama egxile kumuntu kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwedolobha kuhambisana nezidingo zomphakathi.²⁷. Isiphakamiso sefemu yezokwakha kanye nemiklamo yasemadolobheni iFarrells, ngokubambisana nenkampani yobunjiniyela i-Arup, ye-Vancouver's Central Waterfront siyisibonelo esihle sokuthi kanjani ukusebenzisana komphakathi-kwangasese ingalolonga ikusasa ledolobha²⁷. Lesi siphakamiso sigxile ekuthuthukiseni ukuxhumana, ukuhlinzeka ngamakhaya amasha nezindawo zokusebenza, kanye nokukhuthaza inkhulumomphendvulwano mayelana nobuntu kanye nobunikazi bedolobha.

Ukusebenzelana nezinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo kuletha imibono ebalulekile kanye nobuchule enqubweni yokuhlela amadolobha²⁸. I-Vancouver Tourism ibambe iqhaza ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, njengokuphishekela imicimbi yezemidlalo, ukukhuthaza ukufinyelela kwe-Wi-Fi yomphakathi, nokubamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukiswa komhlaba, ukusekela ukukhula okusimeme komnotho wezivakashi wedolobha.²⁸. Ubambiswano ne-Resonance Consultancy kanye ne-Tourism Economics lombiko weqhinga le-Vancouver 2030, odingida izindaba ezifana nokuvakasha ngokweqile kanye nomthamo wengqalasizinda, kugqamisa ukubaluleka kokuhlela ngokubambisana.

²⁶ Njengoba imali engaphezulu kwezigidigidi ezingama-750 izotshalwa emadolobheni aseCanada ngawo wonke amazinga kahulumeni kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo, futhi imboni ezimele kulindeleke ukuthi isebenzise lolu tshalomali ngokuphindwe ka-7x, amathuba okusebenzisana okunenjongo maningi kakhulu.²⁶. Initiatives like the Smart Cities Challenge and investments from Ukuthuthuka okungashabalali I-Technology Canada, Business Development Canada, nezinye izinhlangano zibonisa ukuzibophezela ekukhuthazeni ukuqanjwa kabusha ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.

Ngobambiswano olunamasu kanye nokuzibandakanya komphakathi, iVancouver ingasebenzisa amandla ukuhlelwa kwedolobha ngokubambisana ukwakha idolobha elizinzile, eliphilayo, nelinempilo kubo bonke. Ngokuhlanganisa imizamo kahulumeni wasekhaya, izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo, kanye nezinkampani ezizimele, ikusasa lendawo yasemadolobheni yaseVancouver lingalolongwa ukuze kubekwe phambili izidingo nempilo enhle yabahlali bayo.

Indawo yedolobha laseVancouver ilungele ukuguqulwa okubalulekile njengoba yamukela imigomo yokuklama egxile kumuntu.²⁹. Ikusasa lendwangu yasemadolobheni yedolobha cishe lizobonakala ngokulingana phakathi kwentuthuko enabantu abaningi kanye nezikhala ezigxile emphakathini, kugcizelelwa kakhulu ukusimama nokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe.²⁹³⁰., 'Vancouverism', igama elaziwa emhlabeni wonke lomklamo wedolobha, lizoqhubeka nokushintshashintsha, livumelane nezidingo zabahlali kanye nemvelo.³⁰.

Abaklami basemadolobheni nabahleli bayacelwa ukuthi babeke phambili okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu, ukucatshangelwa kwemvelo, kanye nezidingo zomphakathi emsebenzini wabo²⁹. Njengoba iVancouver iqhubeka nokuvela ngale kwefa layo lombhoshongo wengilazi, leli dolobha linethuba lokuba umholi womhlaba wonke ekwakhiweni kwamadolobha okuqanjwa kabusha, okusimeme, nokugxile kumuntu.²⁹³⁰., Lokhu kuzodinga umzamo wokusebenzisana phakathi kukahulumeni wasekhaya, i-Urban Design Panel, kanye nababambiqhaza abahlukahlukene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yedolobha ihambisana nemigomo³⁰ umklamo ogxile kumuntu kanye intuthuko egxile emphakathini.

Isakhiwo sendawo yasemadolobheni eVancouver silungele uguquko, olubeka phambili izidingo kanye nenhlalakahle yabahlali bakhona. Ngokwamukela izimiso zokuklama ezintsha, ezisimeme, nezigxile kumuntu, idolobhakazi lingakha indawo yasemadolobheni ephilayo, ephilayo, futhi ebandakanyayo esebenza njengemodeli yamadolobha emhlabeni jikelele.²⁹³⁰.,

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