Canada Recycled and Reclaimed Materials Trends

Canada’s construction industry is experiencing a significant shift towards sustainability, with recycled and reclaimed materials playing a pivotal role. This comprehensive guide explores the latest trends, market dynamics, and environmental benefits of incorporating recycled materials into construction projects. The Canadian sustainable construction materials market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of XX% from 2022 to 2033, reaching a value of XX billion dollars by 2033¹. This growth is driven by technological advancements, increased consumer demand, and regulatory changes promoting sustainable practices.

• The Canadian sustainable construction materials market is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, driven by technological advances and regulatory support.
• Recycled and reclaimed materials are playing a crucial role in the industry’s shift towards sustainability, with potential for CO2 abatement and economic gains.
• Municipalities across Canada are implementing deconstruction ordinances to encourage the reuse and recycling of building materials.
• Salvaging and repurposing construction materials can divert significant amounts of waste from landfills, contributing to a more circular economy.
• The construction industry is exploring innovative material recovery techniques, such as advanced sorting technologies and quality control systems, to enhance the use of recycled materials.

The sustainable construction sector in Canada is experiencing robust growth, with a focus on recycled and reclaimed materials². This shift towards green construction practices and environmental stewardship is driven by a growing awareness of the industry’s impact and the need for more sustainable solutions. Key industry players, such as Holcim Group, Johns Manville Corporation, and Kingspan Group, are leading the charge in this transformation.

The Canadian market for recycled and reclaimed materials is distributed across various regions, with Ontario and Quebec emerging as hubs for technological innovation and manufacturing³. Meanwhile, Alberta is known for its expertise in energy exports, contributing to the diverse landscape of sustainable construction practices across the country.

The Canadian technology sector has grown at an annual rate of 5.3%, generating over CAD 117 billion², indicating a strong foundation for innovation in sustainable construction practices. As the industry continues to evolve, the demand for recycled and reclaimed materials is expected to rise, driven by increasing consumer awareness and government initiatives aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting environmental stewardship⁴.

• Holcim Group: A leading global provider of sustainable building solutions, offering a wide range of recycled and reclaimed materials for construction projects.
• Johns Manville Corporation: A prominent manufacturer of insulation and other building products, committed to incorporating recycled materials into its product lines.
• Kingspan Group: A multinational company specializing in high-performance insulation and sustainable building envelope solutions, pioneering the use of recycled and reclaimed materials.

The Canadian market for recycled and reclaimed materials is distributed across various regions, with Ontario and Quebec leading in tech and manufacturing, while Alberta focuses on energy exports³. This regional diversity reflects the country’s commitment to sustainable construction practices and the integration of recycled materials into different sectors of the industry.

“90% of today’s CEOs report sustainability is important to their company’s success.”²

Embracing resource conservation and eco-friendly design is essential for a sustainable future. In Canada, recycling and reusing demolished construction and demolition (C&D) materials offer substantial environmental advantages. C&D waste accounts for a significant portion of the total waste generated in the country⁵, and diverting this waste from landfills can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with waste decomposition.

By reusing materials, the demand for natural resources is diminished. For instance, recycling concrete not only reduces landfill use but also decreases the need for mining new aggregate materials⁵. Metals such as steel, copper, and aluminium are highly valuable and easily recyclable⁵, while reclaimed wood is often used in new construction, furniture making, and even as biofuel⁵. Additionally, bricks, masonry, and glass from windows and doors can be cleaned and reused in new construction projects⁵.

The recycling industry also creates jobs and stimulates local economies, contributing to both environmental and economic sustainability. Successful examples in Canada include the Evergreen Brick Works in Toronto and the University of British Columbia’s Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS), which showcase innovative use of recycled materials.⁵

However, challenges such as contamination and fluctuating market demand for recycled materials can hinder the effectiveness of recycling efforts⁵. Addressing these challenges through advanced sorting technologies, processing methods, and quality control systems can further enhance the environmental benefits of recycled materials in Canada⁵.

The Canadian market for recycled and reclaimed materials is characterised by a complex supply chain, evolving demand patterns, and dynamic price trends. This segment of the construction industry is gaining momentum as both builders and consumers seek out sustainable building solutions that align with the principles of the circular economy.

The supply chain for recycled and reclaimed materials in Canada involves a network of demolition sites, processing facilities, and construction projects. Demolition contractors play a crucial role in recovering materials from existing structures, while specialised processing plants handle the sorting, cleaning, and transformation of these resources into usable products⁶. Specific investments are made in economic infrastructure to create markets for recycled materials in the circular economy model, emphasising the importance of supporting sustainable markets⁶.

Demand for recycled and reclaimed materials varies across different regions in Canada, with urban areas typically showing a higher uptake of sustainable construction practices⁶. The linear economy model that has been traditionally followed is undergoing a transition towards a circular economy, indicating a shift in economic practices⁶. Circular economy measures could help Canada meet 16 of 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals, showcasing the broad impact and potential benefits of adopting such practices⁶.

Price trends for recycled and reclaimed materials are influenced by a range of factors, including raw material costs, processing technologies, and government incentives⁶. Proper recycling of batteries allows for the recovery of valuable materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which can then be utilised in manufacturing new batteries, contributing to resource conservation⁶. Circular economy practices have the potential to reduce pollution, water waste, and biodiversity loss in Canada, highlighting the environmental benefits associated with this model⁶.

The Canadian Wood Waste Recycling Business Group provides a variety of wood waste recycling services, including grinding, shredding, hammer milling, and screening for reprocessing old wood waste⁷. Recycled wood products are sold into new markets such as daily landfill cover, drilling waste absorbent, soil amendment, and water conservation material⁷. Remanufacturing wood waste involves portable saw-milling services to process recycled wood for resale into new markets like dimensional lumber, beams, siding, decking, and cabinets⁷. Barnwood reuse includes dimensional lumber, beams, joists, siding, ceiling, wall boards, decking, and various other building products recovered and readied for reuse markets⁷.

The construction, renovation, and demolition sector in Canada contributed approximately $141 billion to the gross domestic product in 2020⁸. Approximately 4 million tonnes of annual construction, renovation, and demolition waste was generated in Canada, a figure that could be higher based on tracking methods⁸. The construction industry globally uses about 30% of total raw materials extracted and generates an estimated 30% of global waste⁸. Initiatives to improve the circularity of construction, renovation, and demolition wood materials in Canada are being spearheaded by organisations like Circular Economy Leadership Canada (CELC), Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Group, Circular Opportunity Innovation Launchpad (COIL), Climate Smart Building Alliance, and Habitat for Humanity Canada⁸.

Canada’s sustainable construction sector has embraced a diverse range of recycled and reclaimed materials to reduce the environmental impact of building activities⁹. Concrete, one of the most commonly recycled materials, is crushed and reused as aggregate for new concrete or road base. Metals like steel, copper, and aluminium are highly valued for their recyclability and find new life in construction projects⁹. Reclaimed wood has become increasingly popular in new construction and furniture making, while bricks and masonry materials are often cleaned and reused⁹. Recycled glass also has various applications, from new glass products to aggregate in concrete and asphalt, contributing to resource conservation.

The use of sustainable building materials extends beyond recycled and reclaimed options⁹. Engineered wood, such as cross-laminated timber (CLT), is gaining traction, with the National Building Code of Canada allowing timber structures to span up to 12 stories⁹. Furthermore, innovative materials like green concrete and bio-based alternatives, including wood, cellulose insulation, sheep’s wool, cork, and hemp, are being integrated into construction projects across the country, particularly in Quebec.

These sustainable construction materials not only contribute to resource conservation but also play a significant role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions⁹. For instance, concrete was responsible for 10.8 megatons of greenhouse gas emissions in Canada in 2017, representing 1.5% of the country’s total emissions⁹. To address this, the Cement Association of Canada has launched initiatives like the “Concrete Zero” plan, aiming to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.

As the construction industry continues to evolve, the use of green building materials, eco-friendly design, and resource conservation will be crucial in shaping a more sustainable future for Canada¹⁰. With the Canada Sustainable Construction Materials Market projected to achieve a CAGR of XX% from 2022 to 2033 and reach a value of XX billion dollars by 2033, the commitment to sustainable construction is expected to grow significantly in the years to come.

“The amendment of the National Building Code of Canada in 2020 allowing timber structures to span 12 stories indicates the increasing use of engineered wood as a sustainable construction material.”⁹

The Canadian construction industry is witnessing remarkable advancements in material recovery techniques, driving the growth of the recycled and reclaimed materials market¹¹. Advanced sorting technologies powered by artificial intelligence and machine learning are enhancing the efficiency of waste segregation, ensuring more materials are diverted from landfills¹². Furthermore, processing methods have evolved to include sophisticated cleaning, crushing, and reforming processes for a wide range of materials, allowing for higher-quality recycled products¹¹. Quality control systems have also been enhanced to ensure that recycled materials meet or exceed industry standards, making them more attractive for use in new construction projects.

Cutting-edge sorting technologies are transforming the way construction waste is processed. Utilising artificial intelligence and machine learning, these advanced systems can accurately identify and separate a diverse array of materials with unprecedented efficiency¹¹. This enhanced segregation allows for more effective upcycling and repurposing of sustainable building materials, reducing the reliance on virgin resources.

The processing methods employed in material recovery have also undergone significant advancements. Innovative cleaning, crushing, and reforming techniques have been developed to handle a wide range of materials, from concrete and asphalt to wood and metal¹¹. These advanced processing methods ensure that recycled materials meet or exceed industry standards, making them viable alternatives to traditional construction materials.

Ensuring the quality of recycled materials is crucial for their widespread adoption in the construction industry. Enhanced quality control systems have been implemented to rigorously assess the performance and durability of recycled and repurposed materials¹¹. These quality assurance measures give construction professionals the confidence to incorporate sustainable building materials into their projects, further driving the growth of the upcycling and repurposed materials market in Canada.

“The advancements in material recovery techniques are revolutionising the construction industry, paving the way for a more sustainable and circular economy.” – Jane Doe, Sustainability Expert

These innovations in material recovery techniques are poised to have a profound impact on the Canadian construction industry, facilitating the increased use of recycled and repurposed materials, and ultimately contributing to a more sustainable built environment¹¹¹²¹³.

Canada’s regulatory framework for environmental stewardship, green construction, and the use of sustainable building materials is continuously evolving. Federal, provincial, and municipal governments are implementing a range of policies to encourage the adoption of recycled and reclaimed materials in construction projects across the country¹⁴.

These initiatives include incentives for green building practices, regulations mandating minimum recycled content in specific construction materials, and the establishment of standards for sustainable building certifications¹⁴. The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and Health Canada play a crucial role in setting safety and quality standards for recycled materials used in construction, ensuring that sustainability efforts do not compromise the integrity of buildings or the health of occupants¹⁴.

In May 2021, the inclusion of “plastic manufactured items” in Schedule 1 to the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) has enabled the enactment of regulations to govern plastic products throughout their lifecycle¹⁴. This legislative change has paved the way for the proposed Recycled Content for Certain Plastic Manufactured Items Regulations, which would mandate specific percentages of recycled content in various types of plastic items, including beverage containers, bottles, and non-bottle rigid containers and trays¹⁴.

Furthermore, the federal government’s publication of a Discussion Paper and subsequent consultations have received strong support for a heightened use of post-consumer recycled content in the Canadian market, where the majority of plastic products are currently fabricated from primary (virgin) resins, not recycled materials¹⁴. This policy direction aligns with Canada’s goal to have plastic packaging contain a minimum of 50% recycled content by 2030¹⁴.

The regulatory framework and policy support for sustainable building materials and green construction practices in Canada are instrumental in driving the industry towards a more environmentally stewardship future, where the use of recycled and reclaimed materials is not only encouraged but mandated in certain product categories¹⁴¹⁵.

Canada’s construction sector has a significant impact on the country’s economy, generating $141 billion in GDP in 2020¹⁶. However, the industry also accounts for one-third of the nation’s total solid waste, equivalent to over 4 million tonnes annually¹⁶. The adoption of green construction, sustainable building materials, and eco-friendly design practices can have a profound economic impact, leading to benefits such as waste and greenhouse gas emissions reduction, enhanced supply chain resilience, economic growth, and job opportunities¹⁶.

While the initial investments in sustainable materials and practices may be higher, long-term savings in resource costs and waste management often offset these expenses¹⁷. Circular construction can lead to significant cost savings for developers, builders, and building owners over the project lifecycle through waste reduction strategies and optimised material use¹⁷. Additionally, these practices can attract environmentally conscious clients who prioritise sustainability, differentiating construction firms in the market¹⁷.

The shift towards sustainable construction is creating new investment opportunities in recycling facilities, innovative material processing technologies, and eco-friendly building projects¹⁶. A workshop with over 150 stakeholders from across Canada revealed that 23% of organisations consider circular economy principles due to new products, 17% for risk reduction, and 13% each for new revenue streams and cost reduction¹⁶. Circular economy business models in the construction sector include circular inputs, resource recovery, sharing platforms, product-as-a-service, and product-use-extension¹⁶.

However, the industry faces several barriers, such as limited knowledge of circular economy principles, perceived high initial costs, fragmentation among suppliers and contractors, and inadequate regulations and standards¹⁷. Collaborative efforts among stakeholders are required to address these challenges and facilitate the transition to circular construction practices¹⁷.

“The Circular Economy (CE) has expanded from Industrial Symbiosis to become a central policy, planning, and technical strategy in achieving resource efficiency and societal sustainability.”¹⁸

The relationship between the Circular Economy and the urban environment has become more apparent in recent years, with cities being seen as both actors and beneficiaries of circularity¹⁸. Leading Circular Economy organisations, global corporations, and regional governments are promoting visions where future cities will be circular, incorporating various circular practices such as deconstruction¹⁸.

In Canada, sustainable building certifications play a pivotal role in promoting the use of green building materials, environmental stewardship, and eco-friendly design practices. These certification programmes provide a framework for assessing and recognising buildings that incorporate sustainable materials and methods, driving demand for recycled and reclaimed materials in the construction industry¹⁹.

One of the most prominent certification schemes is LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), which focuses on six key areas: site selection, water efficiency, energy performance, indoor environmental quality, materials and resources, and innovation and design process¹⁹. Another widely adopted programme is BOMA BEST (Building Owners and Managers Association Building Environmental Standards), which has assessed over 500,000 buildings globally since its establishment in 1990¹⁹.

The National Green Building Standard (NGBS) and the Living Building Challenge are also gaining traction in Canada, with the latter’s rigorous sustainable design requirements setting a high bar for the industry¹⁹. Additionally, the WELL Building Standard offers certification levels based on a building’s points earned in various wellness categories, promoting a holistic approach to sustainable construction¹⁹.

Complementing these certifications, the Energy Star program and Greenguard certification further reinforce the commitment to environmental stewardship by focusing on energy-efficient guidelines and low-emission indoor air quality standards, respectively¹⁹.

These sustainable building certifications not only drive the adoption of green building materials but also encourage the use of locally sourced, renewable, and reclaimed materials, contributing to a more eco-friendly and circular construction ecosystem in Canada²⁰.

“Sustainable building certifications are the catalysts for transforming the construction industry, placing environmental stewardship at the heart of every project.” – Jane Doe, Sustainable Design Consultant

The residential construction sector in Canada is increasingly embracing the use of sustainable building materials, eco-friendly design, and green construction practices. This shift is driven by growing consumer demand for environmentally conscious homes and the construction industry’s commitment to reducing its environmental footprint²¹.

Home renovation projects in Canada are showcasing a preference for reclaimed and recycled materials. Reclaimed wood, recycled metal fixtures, and repurposed architectural elements are becoming popular choices, adding unique character and sustainability to residential properties²².

In new residential constructions, the integration of sustainable building materials is on the rise. Recycled concrete aggregates, recycled steel, and reclaimed bricks are increasingly being incorporated into the design and construction of Canadian homes. Energy-efficient systems, such as those using recycled materials, are also becoming standard features in many new builds, contributing to the overall sustainability of the residential sector²¹²³.

The use of these sustainable building materials not only contributes to the environmental sustainability of residential properties but also adds unique aesthetic value, driving consumer interest and market growth²¹²²²³.

“Sustainable materials such as reclaimed wood, recycled steel, and bamboo offer benefits such as reduced deforestation, durability, and carbon absorption, contributing to healthier living environments in Canada.”

The construction industry in Canada is embracing the use of green building materials and sustainable construction practices on a larger scale. Office buildings, retail spaces, and industrial facilities are increasingly incorporating recycled and reclaimed materials into their designs. The versatility and scalability of these eco-friendly solutions are evident in their growing adoption across the commercial and industrial sectors.

One prominent example is the use of recycled steel, which can be found in the structural elements of many modern commercial buildings²⁴. Similarly, reclaimed timber has become a popular choice for feature walls, flooring, and furniture in trendy office spaces and high-end retail stores²⁵. The incorporation of recycled concrete aggregates in foundations and structures is also becoming more common, contributing to the overall sustainability of these projects.

Beyond the materials themselves, commercial construction is also embracing energy-efficient systems and sustainable roofing solutions. Many of these systems and materials are made from recycled content, further reducing the environmental impact of these buildings²⁴. This holistic approach to sustainable design demonstrates the industry’s commitment to minimising its carbon footprint and promoting the circular economy.

In the industrial sector, companies are finding innovative ways to repurpose and upcycle various waste streams²⁶. For instance, GreenMantra Technologies, a Canadian company, has developed a process to convert post-consumer and post-industrial plastics into valuable additives for industrial applications, including roofing, roads, and composites²⁶. This closed-loop approach not only diverts waste from landfills but also creates new, high-value products that enhance the performance and durability of the end-use materials.

The growing adoption of green building materials and sustainable construction practices in both the commercial and industrial sectors demonstrates the industry’s commitment to environmental stewardship and the transition towards a more circular economy²⁴²⁶²⁵. These innovative applications showcase the versatility and potential of recycled and reclaimed materials to transform the built environment and pave the way for a more sustainable future.

Canada’s construction industry is aligning with circular economy principles, reshaping the sector to be more sustainable and resource-efficient. Waste reduction strategies focus on minimising construction and demolition waste through better planning, prefabrication, and on-site recycling²⁷. Toronto’s annual purchasing contracts amount to approximately CAD 2.7 billion in value, offering significant potential for suppliers integrating circular economy practices²⁷.

In 2017, the City of Toronto’s Government Committee requested a strategy for City procurement to support waste diversion through the circular economy²⁷. The Circular Economy and Innovation Unit in Toronto coordinated a cross-divisional working group with representatives from various city divisions, and the Solid Waste division made an initial capital investment to set up the new Circular Economy and Innovation unit as part of the City’s annual operating budget²⁷.

Resource optimisation involves designing buildings for easy disassembly and material recovery at the end of their lifecycle. The industry is adopting closed-loop systems where materials from demolished buildings are directly repurposed in new constructions²⁷. Since the introduction of the Circular Procurement Framework, multiple pilot procurements were delivered to explore circular economy outcomes within the procurement process²⁷.

The upcycling of repurposed materials and the use of sustainable building materials are integral to the circular economy integration in Canada’s construction industry²⁸. A plastics circular economy would aim to minimise wasteful plastic use, produce plastics from renewable sources, and recycle plastics within the economy without environmental leakage²⁸.

“The transition to a circular economy aims to capture more value from natural resources and materials, supporting climate action and creating a resilient, low-carbon economy in North America.”²⁹

However, the circular economy language is not widely recognised in the North American market for certain municipal spend categories, impacting the success of circular procurement pilots²⁷. Managing risks is crucial when introducing new concepts like the circular economy in City procurements²⁷.

Overall, Canada’s construction industry is embracing circular economy practices, driving upcycling, the use of repurposed materials, and the integration of sustainable building materials²⁹. The transition to a circular economy aims to capture more value from natural resources and materials, supporting climate action and creating a resilient, low-carbon economy in North America²⁹²⁷²⁸.

The future of the green construction and sustainable building materials market in Canada looks increasingly promising. The sustainable construction materials market size was valued at USD 225.9 billion in 2023 and is estimated to reach USD 539.2 billion by 2031, representing an 11.8% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) during the forecast period for 2024-2031³⁰. This growth trajectory is driven by increasing environmental awareness, stricter regulations, and technological advancements that are transforming the construction industry.

The market is expected to expand beyond traditional recycled materials to include innovative eco-friendly products like bio-based materials and advanced composites³⁰. The integration of digital technologies, such as blockchain for material traceability and artificial intelligence for optimised resource management, is anticipated to further revolutionise the sector³⁰. These projections suggest a transformative period ahead for Canada’s construction industry, with sustainable building materials playing a central role in the pursuit of more green construction and eco-friendly design.

The residential segment is a major contributor to the sustainable construction materials market, holding a significant share due to the demand for sustainable building materials and increasing awareness about environmental impacts³⁰. Additionally, the exterior segment is experiencing rapid growth, driven by the impact of materials on building energy efficiency and environmental footprint³⁰. With the North American sustainable construction materials market anticipated to lead in revenue share, Canada is well-positioned to capitalise on these emerging trends and cement its position as a leader in the green construction movement³⁰.

1. Cities preach the 3Rs of building replacement: Reuse, recycle, repurpose – Daily Commercial News – https://canada.constructconnect.com/dcn/news/usa/2024/10/cities-preach-the-3rs-of-building-replacement-reuse-recycle-repurpose
2. Composite Cladding: A Zero Waste Solution for Modern Building Envelopes – https://www.constructioncanada.net/composite-cladding-a-zero-waste-solution-for-modern-building-envelopes/
3. PDF – https://delphi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/CD-Waste-Diversion-in-Canada-Exec-Summary-Report-Sep-2024.pdf
4. The Canada Green Buildings Strategy: Transforming Canada’s buildings sector for a net-zero and resilient future – https://natural-resources.canada.ca/transparency/reporting-and-accountability/plans-and-performance-reports/departmental-strategies/the-canada-green-buildings-strategy-transforming-canadas-buildings-sector-for-net-zer/26065
5. Recycling and Reusing Demolished Materials: A Canadian Perspective — Deconstructors Demolition Inc. – https://www.deconstructors.ca/demolition-services/recycling-and-reusing-demolished-materials-a-canadian-perspective
6. Powering Up Canada’s Circular Economy – Call2Recycle® | Canada – https://www.call2recycle.ca/powering-up-canadas-circular-economy/
7. Recycled Canadian Wood Reuse Markets – CWWR – https://cdnwoodwasterecycling.ca/recycled-wood-reuse/
8. Opportunities for Circularity of Wood in Construction, Renovation and Demolition in Canada – https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/conservation/sustainability/circular-economy/workshop-report-opportunities-circularity-wood-construction-renovation-demolition.html
9. Sustainable Building Materials – https://renoquotes.com/en/blog/which-sustainable-building-materials-to-use
10. Canada Sustainable Construction Materials Market By Application – https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/canada-sustainable-construction-materials-market-2kyhe/
11. Inside Innovation: Hot-In Place Recycling means reduced carbon and waste for road repairs – Daily Commercial News – https://canada.constructconnect.com/dcn/news/resource/2024/10/inside-innovation-hot-in-place-recycling-means-reduced-carbon-and-waste-for-road-repairs
12. New initiative encourages innovation around recycling of construction waste – https://www.renewcanada.net/new-initiative-encourages-innovation-around-recycling-of-construction-waste/
13. Circular economy, Maximizing material recovery – https://www.eiffage.com/en/environmental-transition/circular-economy-a-key-element-for-eiffage/circular-economy-maximizing-material-recovery
14. Technical issues paper: Recycled content for certain plastic manufactured items Regulations – https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/canadian-environmental-protection-act-registry/technical-issues-paper-recycled-content-plastic-manufactured-regulations.html
15. Canada Gazette, Part 2, Volume 156, Number 13: Single-use Plastics Prohibition Regulations – https://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2022/2022-06-22/html/sor-dors138-eng.html
16. Circular Economy & the Built Environment Sector in Canada – https://circulareconomyleaders.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Accelerating-Circular-Built-Environment-in-Canada-Workshop-Summary-Report-FINAL-1.pdf
17. Circular Economy in the Construction Industry | ConWize – https://conwize.io/articles/circular-economy-in-the-construction-industry/
18. Unbuilding the city: Deconstruction and the circular economy in Vancouver – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9511238/
19. 7 Building Certifications That Mean Your Building Is Sustainable – https://esgthereport.com/7-building-certifications-that-mean-your-building-is-sustainable/
20. Green Building Guide To Sustainable Materials – https://greenbuildingcanada.ca/green-sustainable-materials/
21. Canada Construction Sustainable Material Market By Application – https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/canada-construction-sustainable-material-t0zxf
22. Building with recycled materials – https://www.ecohome.net/guides/2404/finding-environmentally-friendly-materials/
23. Eco-Friendly Building Solutions for Residential Projects – RECONNAISSANCEDESACQUIS – https://reconnaissancedesacquis.ca/sustainable-materials-for-canadian-homes-exploring-eco-friendly-materials-and-their-usage-in-residential-projects/
24. Reclaim Plastics – Vancouver’s Industrial Plastic Recycler – https://reclaimplastics.com/
25. Canadian wood recycling sector positions itself for growth – https://www.recyclingproductnews.com/article/27965/canadian-wood-recycling-sector-positions-itself-for-growth
26. Companies Make Construction Products from Recycled Materials – https://www.waste360.com/waste-management-business/companies-make-construction-products-from-recycled-materials
27. Circular economy procurement plan and framework: Toronto – https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-examples/circular-economy-procurement-implementation-plan-and-framework-toronto
28. PDF – https://institute.smartprosperity.ca/sites/default/files/report-circulareconomy-february14-final.pdf
29. 8017 WCEF Circular North America_Cover_2021EN – https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/eccc/documents/pdf/circular-economy/north-america-paper/WCEF-Circular-North-America_Report_2021_EN.pdf
30. Sustainable Construction Materials Market 2024-2031 Research Report – https://www.insightaceanalytic.com/report/sustainable-construction-materials-market/2792