建築環境中的生物多樣性

在全球範圍內 施工 產業佔 40%（即3億立方噸）原料 into the economy every year. It is arguably one of the most resource-intensive and environmentally damaging industries in the world. While the focus in the industry has primarily been around decarbonisation and reaching net-zero carbon built environments, we cannot ignore the impact construction is having on 生物多樣性.

建設項目有可能而且經常會影響自然棲息地，影響野生動物和植物物種。除了建設項目外，用於生產原材料的過程也影響著該地區的生物多樣性。

物種滅絕率正在飆升， 全球 28% 的動植物物種目前面臨滅絕的威脅。 (2022) 或者換個角度來看，總共有 根據 Statista 的數據，有 42,108 個物種面臨滅絕威脅。

科學家警告說，生物多樣性正在持續崩潰，並面臨「第六次大規模滅絕」的威脅。世界上一半以上的人口居住在城市地區，預計到 68 年城市化率將達到 2050%，大量自然土地和棲息地正在清除。結合滅絕率的上升和都市化的發展，城市是維持生物多樣性的重要因素。

在巴西、西非和東南亞，我們看到城市地區在多樣化的自然環境中迅速擴張，對生物多樣性造成破壞性後果。我們也看到了英國的影響。報告由 海豪等人 (2016) 研究表明，56 年至 1970 年間，英國 2013% 的物種數量減少，英國的生物多樣性比許多其他國家更差。

為什麼生物多樣性很重要？

生物多樣性 是「生物」和「多樣性」兩個字的縮寫形式。它指的是地球上可以發現的所有生命種類（植物、動物、真菌和微生物）以及它們形成的群落和它們居住的棲息地。

The natural environment provides the basic conditions without which humans could not survive. Ecosystem services are the benefits provided by ecosystems. These include providing food, water, timber, fibre, and genetic resources; regulating services such as the regulation of climate, floods, disease, and water quality as well as waste treatment; cultural services such as recreation, aesthetic enjoyment, and spiritual fulfillment and supporting services such as soil formation, pollination, and nutrient cycling.

英國政府2008年表示 說：

With everyday life dependent on ecosystem services, we need to do more to prioritise biodiversity and give it the regard it deserves, if we want to develop sustainable and healthy urban life.

While there is more action needed, there is progress being made in understanding the importance of biodiversity and the effect it is having in the construction industry. Singapore is transforming itself into a 「自然之城」。其中包括 100 種植物和 60 種動物的物種恢復計劃，並讓每個家庭步行 10 分鐘即可到達公園。 

世界經濟論壇最近推出了 2030 年生物多樣性城市 倡議。 2021 年 XNUMX 月，英國成為第一個承諾具有法律約束力的國家 2030 年物種豐富度目標.

In 2019, the UK Government announced that new developments would be required to demonstrate a 10% increase in biodiversity to gain planning approval. This “Biodiversity Net Gain” (BNG) is an approach to embed and demonstrate biodiversity enhancement within development.

它首先涉及到 避免並最大限度地減少生物多樣性喪失 盡可能實現可衡量的淨收益，為當地和戰略生物多樣性優先事項做出貢獻。該法案將於 2023 年 XNUMX 月成為法律。

生物多樣性淨收益－聆聽英國頂尖環境律師 Ben Stansfield 的說法 

迄今有何進展？

建築環境能否培育多物種棲息地？

Fostering biodiversity and multi-species habitats can be achieved by creating habitat opportunities as part of new developments, protecting on-site habitats, and seeking to link them with others further afield. Biodiversity can be fostered by including planted roofs, green facades, roadside trees, together with larger green infrastructure like parks and wetlands. This will provide habitat for breeding, shelter and food for birds, pollinators and other animals. During the construction phase, components can be fabricated off-site to minimise the highly disruptive process for local fauna and flora. When it comes to brownfield sites, which feature rich ecosystems, biodiversity conservation is even more critical for developments.

一些建築師和城市規劃師正在將生物多樣性納入其設計的最前線。一個這樣的例子是 博埃里建築事務所. The studio is already transforming modern buildings into breathing organisms to regenerate urban biodiversity and ultimately mitigate climate change.

他們是南京、巴黎、米蘭、埃因霍溫、烏特勒支和安特衛普等多個城市「垂直森林」的幕後黑手。 In each city, the Vertical Forest undergoes a 設計 iteration to tailor a unique design to its urban ecosystem. In Nanjing, the chosen plants are indigenous to the region and capable of absorbing 20 tonnes a year of CO2 and producing 10 tonnes a year of oxygen.

該建築位於米蘭市中心，每年能夠吸收 30 噸二氧化碳。它不僅吸收二氧化碳，還產生氧氣，吸收灰塵和其他城市污染，建築物的屋頂設有光伏電池板，而灰水則被重新用作植物群的灌溉。 

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