I-Vancouver's Urban Planning Legacy: I-Evolution ye-Eco-Friendly Design

IVancouver ilifa locwangciso lwedolophu ibonakala ngendlela eyodwa eyaziwa ngokuba yi-'Vancouverism'. Lo mbono udibanisa iindawo zokuhlala ezinoxinano oluphezulu kunye nophuhliso oluxubeneyo, ugxininisa ukuhamba koluntu, iindawo eziluhlaza, kunye neepaseji zokujonga.¹. Inguqu kwesi sixeko yaqala ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, iqhutywa kukudodobala koqoqosho kuphuhliso lweendawo zokuhlala ezinoxinano oluphezulu. Indlela yokucwangcisa yeVancouver ukusukela ngoko yaba ngumzekelo wehlabathi wozinzo uphuhliso lwedolophu, ukulungelelanisa ukukhula kwedolophu kunye nokugcinwa kokusingqongileyo².

• Imodeli yeVancouver's 'Vancouverism' idibanisa iindawo zokuhlala ezinoxinano oluphezulu ezinophuhliso oluxubeneyo kwaye igxininisa ukuhamba koluntu, iindawo eziluhlaza, kunye neepaseji zokujonga.
• Inguqu yocwangciso lwedolophu yaqala ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, iqhutywa lutshintsho olubangelwa kukudodobala koqoqosho olubhekiselele kuphuhliso lweendawo zokuhlala ezixinana kakhulu.
• Indlela yocwangciso ezinzileyo yeVancouver ibe ngumzekelo wehlabathi jikelele wokulinganisa ukukhula kwedolophu kunye nokugcinwa kokusingqongileyo.
• Abemi besi sixeko bafumene ukukhula okubonakalayo, indawo ebanzi yeMetro Vancouver inyuka nge-140% ukusuka ngo-1971 ukuya ku-2016.¹.
• IVancouver ikwinqanaba eliphezulu lokukwazi ukuphila kodwa ikwajongene nemiceli mngeni yokufikeleleka kwezindlu, ikwindawo yesi-3 kwihlabathi jikelele ekufikeleleni.¹.

Imbonakalo yedolophu yaseVancouver ibubungqina bokusungula izinto ezintsha ucwangciso lwesixeko, ebonisa isibhakabhaka esicekeceke, esixubeneyo sokunyuka okuphezulu esigcina iimbono zeentaba³. Ukuzinikela kwesixeko uyilo oluzinzileyo kubonakala kugxininiso lwayo lokuhamba, ukuhamba koluntu, kunye neendawo eziluhlaza⁴. Le ndlela ayiphuculanga ukuphila kwesi sixeko kuphela kodwa ibeke iVancouver njengenkokeli kwi-eco-friendly uphuhliso lwedolophu⁴.

Ithatha indawo emalunga ne-114.97 yeekhilomitha zesikwere, indawo yedolophu yaseVancouver iphawulwa ngomxube ohlukeneyo weendlela zokwakha kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba.⁵. Isibhakabhaka sesixeko silawulwa zizakhiwo ezincinci, eziphakamileyo ezibeka phambili ukuxinana ngelixa zigcina iimbono zeentaba ezijikelezileyo.³. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iindawo zokuhlala ezihlala esixekweni zibandakanya umxube wezindlu ezizimeleyo, izakhiwo ezikumgangatho ophakathi, kunye nophuhliso oluphezulu.⁵.

Ukubaluleka koyilo oluzinzileyo kucwangciso lwedolophu yaseVancouver kugxininiswa ziinzame zesixeko zokulinganisa ukuxinana kwedolophu kunye nolondolozo lwendalo esingqongileyo.⁴. Oku kuzibophelela kuphuhliso lwe-eco-friendly ubeke iVancouver njengenkokeli yehlabathi kwi ucwangciso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo, ngamaphulo afana neSicwangciso sokuSebenza sesiXeko esiGreenest esijolise ekunciphiseni indawo esingqongileyo yesixeko⁴.

"Ukuba wonke umntu ebephila njengeVancouverites ngoku, kuya kufuna iiplanethi ezintathu ukuya kwezine ukuxhasa eli nqanaba lokusetyenziswa."⁴

Ukugxila kweVancouver ekudaleni isixeko esiphilayo, esizinzileyo akwanelanga nje kuphela umgangatho wobomi kubahlali baso kodwa kutsale umdla wehlabathi kunye nokwamkelwa.⁴. Njengoko isixeko siqhubeka nokuvela, ukuzibophelela kwaso uyilo lokusingqongileyo, izixeko ezihlakaniphile, yaye i-ecology yasezidolophini iya kubaluleka ekuqulunqeni uphuhliso lwayo lwexesha elizayo kunye nokubethelela isidima sayo njengomzekelo wocwangciso lwedolophu olulungele indalo.

IVancouver uphuhliso lwedolophu Imbali iphawulwa ngamanyathelo abalulekileyo athe abumba ubume boyilo lwesixeko kunye nemigaqo yocwangciso.⁶. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesi sixeko kubonisa umzamo wengqiqo wokudala indawo ephilayo, ezinzileyo neyihlonelayo indalo esingqongileyo.⁷.

Uphuhliso lwedolophu lwesixeko lunokwahlulwa lube lulawulo oluthathu olwahlukileyo: I-Permissive Regime (1886-1931), i-Zoning for Growth Regime (1931-1972), kunye ne-Spot Discretionary Regime (1972-Present)⁷. Ngaphantsi kwe-Permissive Regime, i-21% yempahla ye-Vancouver yangoku yakhiwe ngaphambi kokutshintshela kulawulo olutsha, olunamandla.⁷. Inkqubo yoLwahlulo lweZoning ijolise ekuthinteleni amagumbi aneentsapho ezininzi ukuba angangeni kwindawo enosapho olunye, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwahlukaneni kophuhliso ngokusetyenziswa komhlaba.⁷.

Uyilo lweVancouver luphenjelelwe yimiba eyahlukeneyo, kubandakanya abemi bayo abaninzi baseAsia, nto leyo ethe yanegalelo kubukho bezakhiwo ezibhityileyo ezinobude obuphakamileyo obukhumbuza uyilo lwamakhaya amancinci aseJapan.⁶. Yesixeko iindlela zokwakha zikwayilwe yiSpot Discretionary Regime, ekhokelele kwiinkqubo zokuvunywa ezintsonkothileyo kunye neshedyuli yophuhliso olude lwezakhiwo ezineentsapho ezininzi.⁷.

UBrent Toderian, osebenze njengomlawuli wokucwangcisa eVancouver iminyaka emithandathu, ugxininise indlela eluhlaza kwidolophu, egxile kwidolophu epheleleyo kunye noyilo oluzinzileyo lwedolophu.⁸. Ngexesha lolawulo lwakhe, isixeko sijongene nemiceli mngeni ebalulekileyo, kuquka iingxaki zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ugwayimbo lukamasipala, ukudodobala kwehlabathi ngo-2008, utshintsho kumbutho wezopolitiko kamasipala, kunye nezopolitiko kwiHolo yeSixeko.⁸. Umsebenzi kaToderian uquka amalinge anje ngeCambie Corridor Plan, ethe yaphambuka kuxinaniso lwepodium yemveli eVancouver.⁸.

Ukuvela kwembonakalo yedolophu yaseVancouver kubonisa ukuzibophelela kwesixeko ekudaleni indawo ephilayo, ezinzileyo neyihloniphayo indalo eyingqongileyo kwaye isabela kwiimfuno zabemi bayo abahlukeneyo.⁶⁷⁸.

Ucwangciso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo ibe lilitye lembombo lesicwangciso sophuhliso lweVancouver, eqhutywa kukuzinikela okunzulu ukuqonda kokusingqongileyo kwaye inguqulelo eluhlaza⁹. Embindini wale ndlela kukho iseti yemithetho-siseko yoyilo eluncedo kwindalo ekhokela iinzame zocwangciso lwedolophu.

Ucwangciso lwedolophu yaseVancouver eco-friendly eco-friendly ibeka phambili ukusetyenziswa kwezithuthi zikawonke-wonke, ukuyilwa kweendawo eziluhlaza ezinabileyo, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigangatho yokwakha eyonga amandla.⁹. Le ndlela yokusebenzela iphelele ijolise ekunciphiseni impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yesixeko kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi kubahlali baso.

• Ukubeka phambili ukuhamba kukawonke-wonke ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezithuthi zabucala kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo
• Ukudibanisa iindawo eziluhlaza kunye needolophu eziphilayo to promote environmental sustainability
• Ukuphumeza izatifikethi ze-LEED-zegolide kunye ne-LEED-platinum yokwakha ukusebenza kwamandla⁹

ukuzibophelela Vancouver ukuba ucwangciso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo iye yafumana ukuqondwa kumazwe ngamazwe, isixeko sisebenza njengomzekelo kwabanye oomasipala abazamayo ukuqonda kokusingqongileyo¹⁰. ISicwangciso sokuSebenza sesiXeko esiseGreenest, inyathelo elibanzi elasungulwa ngo-2011, limisele izinto ekujoliswe kuzo ezinqwenelekayo zokunciphisa indawo esingqongileyo yesixeko kunye nokutshintshela kwikamva elizinzileyo.

Ezi projekthi zintsha kunye namawonga abonisa ubunkokheli behlabathi beVancouver kucwangciso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo, lumisela umgangatho ophezulu ukuqonda kokusingqongileyo kwaye inguqulelo eluhlaza¹⁰.

Ecaleni kwala manyathelo abambekayo, indlela yeVancouver kucwangciso lwedolophu iye yaphenjelelwa luphando lwakutsha nje kulawulo lweedolophu ezihlangeneyo kunye nezixeko njengezinto eziqhelekileyo.¹¹. Iinzame zesixeko zokudibanisa le mithetho-siseko kwizicwangciso zaso zocwangciso ziqinise ngakumbi isikhundla saso njengenkokeli yehlabathi uphuhliso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo.

Ucwangciso lwedolophu yaseVancouver lukhokelwa yimigaqo-nkqubo ephambili ebeka phambili amaphulo okusingqongileyo kwaye uphuhliso loluntu. Emibini eyona migaqo-nkqubo ibalulekileyo siSicwangciso sokuSebenza sesiXeko esiGcina uHlaza (GCAP) kunye neSicwangciso esisemthethweni soLuntu.

ISicwangciso sokuSebenza sesiXeko esiGreenest, esaqalwa phambi kweMidlalo yeOlimpiki yowama-2010, sabeka iinjongo zozinzo ezinqwenelekayo ekufuneka ziphunyezwe ngo-2020.¹². Esi sicwangciso sibanzi sijolise ekuguquleni iVancouver ibe yenye yezona zixeko ziluhlaza emhlabeni, zijolise kwiindawo ezilishumi elinanye eziphambili ezifana izakhiwo eziluhlaza, amandla ahlaziyekayo, kunye nenkunkuma eyize¹². I-GCAP ibe luncedo ekumiseni iVancouver's umgaqo-nkqubo wedolophu kunye nokuqhubela phambili inkqubela yesixeko ekuzinzeni kokusingqongileyo¹².

Ecaleni kweSicwangciso sokuSebenza sesiXeko esiGreenest, iSicwangciso esisemthethweni soLuntu saseVancouver (OCP) sigxininisa ukudityaniswa kwe imigaqo yozinzo esixekweni uphuhliso loluntu. I-OCP, ngakumbi imimandla efana ne-Southeast False Creek, ichaza umbono wokudala iindawo zokuhlala eziphilileyo, ezixubeneyo ezibeka phambili.¹³ izakhiwo ezixineneyo kakhulu, ezinobude obuphakathi ezigxile kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke kunye neziseko ezingundoqo eziluhlaza¹³. Ezi umgaqo-nkqubo wedolophu Izicwangciso-nkqubo bezibalulekile ekukhokeleni ukukhula kwesixeko kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo¹².

"Izixeko zexesha elizayo ziya kuba setyhula, zikhuthaza izenzo ezivaliweyo kunye neendlela ezijikelezayo ezifana nokwakhiwa." – Umbutho oKhokelayo kuQoqosho lweSetyhula

Njengoko iVancouver iqhubeka nokuvela, yayo umgaqo-nkqubo wedolophu kwaye amaphulo okusingqongileyo iya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni ikamva elizinzileyo lesixeko. ISicwangciso sokuSebenza sesiXeko siGreenest kunye neSicwangciso soLuntu esiSekweni sibe sisixhobo ekuqhubeleni phambili inkqubela yesixeko ukuya ekubeni yinkokeli yehlabathi uphuhliso loluntu kwaye¹⁴ ulondolozo lwendalo¹⁴¹²¹³.

ukuzibophelela Vancouver ukuba uthutho oluzinzileyo kunye nemigangatho yokwakha eluhlaza ibe yeyona nto iqhubayo kwiziseko zayo eziluncedo kwindalo. Inkqubo yezothutho kawonke-wonke yesixeko, kuquka i-SkyTrain kunye ne-SeaBus, ibonelela ngeendlela ezisebenzayo zokuhamba ngemoto, ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yohambo lwabakhweli.¹⁵.

Ukongeza kumanyathelo okuhamba koluntu, iVancouver iphumeze imigangatho engqongqo yokwakha eluhlaza, kunye nophuhliso oluninzi olufezekiswayo. Isatifikethi seLEED. Umzekelo, zonke izakhiwo ezikuMazantsi mpuma aFalse Creek zifumene isiqinisekiso seGolide se-LEED NC, kunye nokufezekisa inqanaba lePlatinum.¹⁵. La manyathelo abonisa ukuzinikela kwesixeko ekunciphiseni indawo yaso yokusingqongileyo ngokusebenzisa izisombululo zeziseko ezingundoqo ezintsha.

Isicwangciso seSicwangciso soMmandla esinokuHlala, esamkelwa ngo-1996, sasingumqhubi ophambili ekuqulunqeni ukhetho lwezothutho lommandla.¹⁵. Ngeentsika ezine - uMmandla oLuhlaza, uluntu olupheleleyo, ummandla oxineneyo, kunye nokhetho olwandisiweyo lwezothutho - isicwangciso sabeka isiseko seVancouver's. uthutho oluzinzileyo womnatha¹⁵.

Oogxa bangaphambili, kuquka uKen Cameron, uSusan Haid, uHugh Kellas, uChristina DeMarco, uNancy Knight, noRichard White, babe negalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwesi sicwangciso, ngelixa iinkokeli ezinyuliweyo kunye nabacwangcisi bakamasipala, abafana neenkulumbuso zangaphambili uMike Harcourt kunye noGordon Campbell, kunye nabangaphambili. Izitulo zeBhodi yeMetro Vancouver uGreg Halsey-Brandt kunye noGeorge Puil, banike isikhokelo esinempembelelo¹⁵.

Ukuzibophelela kweVancouver kuzinzo kunabela ngaphaya kwamanyathelo ayo othutho, kunye nesixeko esikhokela indlela kwimigangatho yokwakha eluhlaza. Ummandla we-Southeast False Creek, umzekelo, ubeke ibha ephezulu, kunye nazo zonke izakhiwo ezifezekisa ubuncinane i-LEED NC yesiqinisekiso seGolide, kwaye ezinye zifikelela kwimo yePlatinum ehloniphekileyo.¹⁵.

Oku kugxilwe kwi ukusebenza kwamandla kunye noyilo oluzinzileyo alulodwa eVancouver, njengoko izixeko ezinjengeSingapore zibonise amandla okuguqula uhlaza lwesibhakabhaka.¹⁶. Abacwangcisi basezidolophini baya beqonda ngakumbi indima ebalulekileyo yeendawo eziluhlaza ekudaleni imeko-bume ezinzileyo, kunye namanyathelo afana neqhinga leGreening Sydney 2030 elisebenza njengemizekelo ekhuthazayo.¹⁶.

"Iinzuzo zokuhlaza ezidolophini ziquka ukunciphisa izinga lokuxhalaba kunye nokudandatheka phakathi kwabahlali basezidolophini, kunye nokunyuka kolonwabo ngokubanzi kunye namanqaku okwaneliseka ebomini ngenxa yokufikelela kwiindawo eziluhlaza."¹⁶

Ngokubeka izinto ezibalulekileyo kwindawo yokuqala uthutho oluzinzileyo kunye nemigangatho yokwakha eluhlaza, iVancouver iyaqhubeka nokufaka isamente isikhundla sayo njengenkokeli yehlabathi kucwangciso lwedolophu kunye noyilo lwe-eco-friendly.

EVancouver, Ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu kwaye amaphulo oluntu idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yocwangciso lwedolophu. Umasipala ubabandakanya ngokukhutheleyo abahlali ngokubonisana noluntu kunye neeprojekthi eziqhutywa ngabahlali, eqinisekisa ukuba uphuhliso lwedolophu luhambelana neemfuno kunye neminqweno yoluntu lwasekuhlaleni.¹⁷. Le ndlela yentsebenziswano luphawu lwemizamo yocwangciso oluzinzileyo lweVancouver, njengoko ixhobisa abemi ukuba balolonge ikamva leengingqi zabo.

Uthatho-nxaxheba loluntu lilitye lembombo lesicwangciso socwangciso lwedolophu yaseVancouver. Isixeko siyaluqonda ulwazi oluxabisekileyo kunye nobuchule obunokuthi uluntu lwengingqi luzise etafileni. Ngokukhuthaza iingxoxo ezivulekileyo kunye nokubandakanya ingxelo yoluntu, inkqubo yokucwangcisa ibandakanya ngakumbi kwaye iphendule kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo zabahlali baseVancouver.¹⁷. Le ndlela ibandakanyayo inceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iziphumo zokugqibela zeeprojekthi zophuhliso lwedolophu zibonisa umbono woluntu kunye nezinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka.

Omnye umzekelo obalaseleyo wokubandakanyeka koluntu kucwangciso lwedolophu yaseVancouver kuphuhliso lweDolophana yeOlimpiki. Ngexesha locwangciso, isixeko safuna igalelo likawonke-wonke, nto leyo ethe yanempembelelo enkulu kwiimpawu zozinzo lweprojekthi kunye nezinto eziluncedo kuluntu.¹⁷. Le ndlela yentsebenziswano ibangele ubumelwane obudlamkileyo, obunokuhlalwa bube ngumzekelo woyilo oluzinzileyo lwedolophu.

Olunye uphando luphuhliso lweFalse Creek Flats, apho isixeko sisebenze ngokusondeleyo nabachaphazelekayo basekhaya ukudala isithili esixubeneyo esibeka phambili uzinzo, izindlu ezifikelelekayo, kunye neendawo ezijolise kuluntu.¹⁷. Inkqubo yothethwano noluntu yaqinisekisa ukuba uyilo lokugqibela lubonakalisa iimfuno kunye nolangazelelo lweendawo ezisingqongileyo.

ukuzibophelela Vancouver ukuba Ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu kunye nocwangciso lwedolophu oluqhutywa luluntu luzuze ukuqondwa kwesixeko kwihlabathi njengenkokeli kuphuhliso lwesixeko oluzinzileyo¹⁷. Ngokuxhobisa abahlali ukuba bathathe indima ebonakalayo ekubumbeni uluntu lwabo, iVancouver imisele umzekelo wocwangciso olubandakanyayo noluphendulayo lwedolophu olunokuthi lube ngumzekelo wezinye izixeko kwihlabathi liphela.

Njengoko iziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu zisiya zisiya zibonakala, abacwangcisi basezidolophini eVancouver benza izicwangciso zokuphucula ukomelela kwesixeko kunye nokuziqhelanisa nezimo.¹⁸. Phantse i-70% yabemi behlabathi bahlala kwiindawo apho amaqondo olwandle elindeleke ukuba anyuke ngokumangalisayo, okunokuthi kubangele imimandla yasezidolophini.¹⁸. Ukuphendula, iVancouver iphumeze uluhlu lweendlela ezintsha zoku ukuziqhelanisa nemozulu, ebonisa ukuzinikela kwayo kuphuhliso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo.

Enye yezinto eziphambili kwiinzame zocwangciso lwedolophu yaseVancouver kukuqinisa ukomelela kwemozulu yesixeko¹⁸. ILondon iseke iofisi yokutshintsha kwemozulu ukuhlalutya idatha yobungqina ukujongana nesoyikiso sexesha elizayo sokunyuka komphakamo wolwandle kunye neempembelelo zalo esixekweni.¹⁸. Ngokufanayo, iVancouver igxininise kumanyathelo okunciphisa imingcipheko yezikhukhula kunye nokuphucula ulawulo lwamanzi esiphango, ukuqinisekisa ukuba isixeko sikulungele ukujamelana nemiphumo yokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Ecaleni kwezicwangciso zayo zokomelela, iVancouver ikwadibanise iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziqhelanisa nesakhelo sokucwangcisa idolophu.¹⁹. Ezi nzame zibandakanya ukuyilwa kweziseko ezingundoqo eziluhlaza, ezifana namahlathi asezidolophini kunye nemigxobhozo, ukuqinisa indalo eyohlukeneyo kunye nokuthathwa kwekhabhoni yendalo.¹⁹. Ukongeza, isixeko siphumeze imigaqo-nkqubo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse, ebonisa indlela ebanzi ukuziqhelanisa nemozulu kwaye ucwangciso lokusingqongileyo.

Indlela esebenzayo yeVancouver yokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngocwangciso lwedolophu imisela umzekelo oqinileyo wezinye izixeko ekufuneka ziwulandele. Ngokubeka phambili ukomelela kunye nokuziqhelanisa, isixeko simi kwindawo efanelekileyo yokujongana nemingeni ebangelwa yimozulu eguqukayo kunye nokuqinisekisa ikamva elizinzileyo kubahlali baso.

"Izicwangciso-qhinga zocwangciso lwedolophu yaseVancouver zigxininisa ngakumbi ekujonganeni neempembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, zibonisa ukuzinikela kwesixeko ekwakheni imeko-bume ekwaziyo ukumelana nemozulu."

Ukuhlanganiswa ukuziqhelanisa nemozulu amaqhinga kwisakhelo socwangciso lwedolophu iVancouver bubungqina bobunkokeli besixeko kwi Uphuhliso oluphathekayo²⁰. IsiXeko saseNew York sichaze ukuncitshiswa kwe-19 ekhulwini kwi-greenhouse gas (GHG) ekhutshwayo phakathi ko-2005 no-2012, njengenxalenye yeenjongo zaso zozinzo.²⁰. Ngokufanayo, iVancouver ibeke iithagethi ezinqwenelekayo zokunciphisa ifuthe layo lokusingqongileyo, isebenza njengomzekelo kwezinye izixeko ezifuna ukuziqhelanisa nemingeni ebangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu.

IVancouver ibiphambili kuphuhliso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo, ebonisa ukuzibophelela kwayo ekudaleni uluntu olukhathalela indalo. Iiprojekthi ezimbini eziphawulekayo ezibonisa lo mbono yidolophana yeOlimpiki kunye nophuhliso lweFalse Creek Flats²¹.

Ilali yeOlimpiki, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiDolophana ekwiFalse Creek, imi njengomzekelo ophambili weVancouver's eco-friendly plan yedolophu. Lo mmandla oxubeneyo udibanisa iiyunithi zezindlu ze-1,100, kubandakanywa iinketho zezindlu ezifikelelekayo, kwaye ufezekise iziqinisekiso ze-LEED kwizakhiwo zayo.²¹. Ilali yayiyilwe ukuba ibe yindawo ezinzileyo, enekhabhoni ephantsi, igxile kwiziseko ezingundoqo eziluhlaza kunye nemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo.

IiOlimpiki zaseBusika zaseVancouver ngo-2010 zazisa imilinganiselo yozinzo entsha, efana nokusebenzisa intsimbi esetyenzisiweyo ukusuka kubomi bokugqibela be-elektroniki kwiimedali zeOlimpiki kunye nokudala iitotshi zeOlimpiki ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe.²². Izakhiwo ze-Olimpiki Village ziyilelwe ukuba zikwazi ukwanelisa amandla, zibandakanya izinto ezifana neepaneli zamanzi ashushu elanga kunye nokusetyenziswa kobushushu benkunkuma.²². Malunga ne-50% yezakhiwo zokuhlala kwilali ezinophahla olugqunywe ngengca ukuze zifunxe amanzi emvula, zibonelele ngokugquma, kwaye zitsale izilwanyana zasendle.²².

Uphuhliso lweFalse Creek Flats yenye iprojekthi ebalulekileyo eVancouver, egxile ekudaleni uluntu oluzinzileyo, oluqhutywa yinguqulelo. Lo mmandla, owake waba liziko lemizi-mveliso, uguqulwa ube liziko lamashishini ohlaza, uphando, kunye nokuphila okuzinzileyo ezidolophini.²¹. Uphuhliso lujolise ekuboniseni ukuzibophelela kweVancouver Uphuhliso oluphathekayo, ukuvuselelwa kwedolophu, kunye nokudalwa kwe uluntu oluluhlaza.

Amanyathelo ezakhiwo zeVancouver, kubandakanywa nokwandiswa kwenkqubo ye-SkyTrain kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lwezothutho (TODs), lube nefuthe kakhulu kwimarike yendawo yokuhlala kunye neenjongo zokuzinza.²³. Intsebenziswano phakathi kukarhulumente namashishini abucala (PPPs) ibiyimfuneko ekunikezelweni ngokufanelekileyo kwezi projekthi zeziseko zophuhliso, ukukhuthaza ubuchule ekwabelwanayo ngako, izibonelelo, kunye nemingcipheko.²³.

Ezi projekthi zilungele ukuphilisana kwendalo eVancouver zibonisa ukuzinikela kwesixeko ekudaleni iindawo zokuhlala, ezizinzileyo, neziqhutywa luluntu ezibeka phambili ukulawulwa kokusingqongileyo kunye nentlalontle.²¹²³²².

Uyilo lwedolophu yaseVancouver lubeka ugxininiso olumandla ekudibaniseni indalo kwilaphu lesixeko. Isixeko siqhayisa ngezinto ezininzi iindawo eziluhlaza ezidolophini, kubandakanywa nomfanekiso weStanley Park, onegalelo Izityalo nezilwanyana zasezidolophini kunye nokubonelela ngeendawo zokuzonwabisa kubahlali¹⁷. Ezi projekthi zozinzo lobumelwane, ziqalwe ngamaphulo othungelwano olusekwe kuluntu kunye neenzame ezisezantsi ze-eco-village, zijolise ekufezekiseni uzinzo ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwendalo kunye nemozulu.¹⁷.

Imbonakalo yedolophu yaseVancouver iqulethe umxube wezityalo zemveli nezingezozalo²⁴. Iindawo ezindala zasedolophini zikholisa ukuba neentlobo ezininzi ezingezizo ezomthonyama xa kuthelekiswa nemihlaba esandul' ukuhlaliswa, kwaye izixeko ezikhulu njengeVancouver zihlala zinezilwanyana ezingezizo ezomthonyama kuneendawo ezincinci zasedolophini.²⁴. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko zophuhliso lwedolophu olusezantsi ukuya phakathi oluphakathi, olufana nokuzaliswa kwedolophu, ubutyebi beentlobo ngenene bunokwenyuka ngenxa yezinto ezifana nokungafani kweendawo zokuhlala kunye notshintsho lwemithetho yokuphazamiseka.²⁴.

Zemizila yoluntu kunye neeprojekthi zezolimo zasezidolophini ziye zafumana amandla kulo lonke elaseVancouver, zinegalelo kukhuseleko lokutya kunye nokubambisana koluntu. Ezi nzame aziphuculi nje ukubukeka kobuhle besixeko kodwa zibonelela ngamathuba kubahlali ukuba bazibandakanye nendalo kwaye bakhulise imveliso yabo.

"Iindawo ezizinzileyo eVancouver ziphumelele ekufezekiseni iinjongo zabo, kunye nabahlali banika ingxelo ngamava amnandi ngembonakalo yomhlaba, iifomu zokwakha, kunye nobuchwepheshe obuqeshiweyo."¹⁷

Ngelixa izikhokelo zovavanyo zangoku zikholisa ukugxila kakhulu kumanyathelo obungakanani, kukho ukuqondwa okukhulayo kokubaluleka kokubandakanyeka kwabachaphazelekayo ekusekweni kweendlela zokuvavanya kunye nenxaxheba eqhubekayo kwiiprojekthi zobumelwane ezizinzileyo.¹⁷. Iindlela ezidityanisiweyo zisebenzisa ingqikelelo yokubalisa kunye nentlalo yokuziqhelanisa zicetywayo ukuvala izikhewu ekuvavanyeni imilinganiselo yamava kunye neempembelelo zentlalo zamalinge azinzileyo kubumelwane.¹⁷.

Abacwangcisi boyilo lwasezidolophini badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni ikamva elizinzileyo leVancouver²⁵. U-Alexandra Steed, owavula iofisi yaseVancouver ngo-2024, ngumntu ophawulekayo kule ndawo²⁶. Umsebenzi wakhe ungumzekelo wokubaluleka kwabacwangcisi bobuchule ekudaleni ubume obumanyeneyo, obuzinzileyo bedolophu. Ezi ngcali zizisa ubutyebi bobuchule, ukudibanisa iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokucwangciswa kwedolophu, ukusuka kwizakhiwo ukuya kulondolozo lwendalo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uphuhliso lweVancouver luhambelana neenjongo zozinzo.

U-Alexandra Steed, ingcali yoyilo lwedolophu eyaziwayo, ushiye uphawu olungacimekiyo kwimbonakalo yedolophu yaseVancouver.²⁶. Ubunkokeli bakhe kucwangciso nophuhliso lwesi sixeko buye baba luncedo ekuguquleni undoqo waso worhwebo kunye nommandla wasemanzini wemizi mveliso ube yindawo yokuhlala edlamkileyo, enoxinano oluphezulu kunye neendawo ezisetyenziselwa izinto ezixubeneyo. Ukuzibophelela kukaSteed kwimigaqo yoyilo oluzinzileyo ibe yimpembelelo emva kweeprojekthi ezininzi zeVancouver eziyimpumelelo zasedolophini.

²⁷ Inkalo yobunkokheli boyilo lwedolophu ibalulekile ekufezekiseni iziphumo ezincumisayo kunye nokwalathisa iinzame ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho ophezulu wobudolophu.²⁷. Ngelixa uninzi loncwadi lobunkokeli lugxile kulawulo lukarhulumente kunye neshishini, indima yoyilo lweedolophu ekubumbeni izixeko ihlala iyindawo efuna ukuphononongwa ngakumbi.²⁷. Ezi ngcali zinezakhono, uthungelwano, kunye nokuzimela ukudibanisa amaqela ahlukeneyo kunye nokuphucula uphuhliso lweendawo ezithile, njengoko kubonisiwe ngamagalelo kaSteed eVancouver.

²⁶ Indlela yeVancouver kuyilo lwasezidolophini iye yaphindwa ngokubanzi kwizixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo kwihlabathi, kubandakanya iSeattle, iSan Francisco, kunye nezixeko zaseDubai, Abu Dhabi, Malaysia, India, kunye ne China.²⁶. Ugxininiso lwesiXeko kuluntu olunesisa kunye nophuhliso lwabucala olukumgangatho ophezulu, oluvunywe yimigaqo engqongqo yokucandwa kwemida kunye nezikhokelo zoyilo, lube ngumzekelo wocwangciso oluzinzileyo lwedolophu kwihlabathi jikelele.

"Abacwangcisi boyilo lwedolophu njengo-Alexandra Steed ngamagorha angavunywanga ophuhliso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo, adibanisa abachaphazelekayo abohlukeneyo kunye nobuchule bokudala izixeko ezinokuhlala, ezinobuhlobo nendalo."

Njengoko ubume boyilo lwedolophu buqhubeka nokuvela, indima yabacwangcisi abanjengo-Alexandra Steed iya kubaluleka ekukhokeleni iVancouver kunye nezinye izixeko ukuya kwikamva elizinzileyo.²⁵. Ubunkokeli babo, zidityaniswe nokuqonda okunzulu kwemigaqo yoyilo lwedolophu kunye nothethathethwano noluntu, buya kuba luncedo ekubumbeni izixeko zangomso.

Njengoko iVancouver iqhubeka nokuzibophelela kuphuhliso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo, iinzame zocwangciso lwexesha elizayo zesixeko zinokubandakanya uluhlu lwetekhnoloji kunye neendlela ezintsha.²⁸. Uphando kucwangciso lwedolophu olulungele indalo, olupapashwe ngo-2016, luqaqambisa iindlela ezininzi eziphambili eziza kubumba ikamva lembonakalo yedolophu yaseVancouver.²⁸.

Ukuhlanganiswa ubugcisa besixeko esikrelekrele iya kuba ngumba obalulekileyo kwisicwangciso sedolophu seVancouver sexesha elizayo. Ezi tekhnoloji, ezibandakanya abenzi boluvo abaphambili, uhlalutyo lwedatha, kunye neziseko zophuhliso ezikrelekrele, ziya kwenza ukuba ulawulo lwezixhobo lusebenze ngakumbi, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwesixeko ngokubanzi.²⁸. Ukongeza, isixeko kulindeleke ukuba siqhubele phambili utyalo-mali kwiinkqubo zamandla avuselelekayo, ezifana namandla elanga kunye nomoya, ukunciphisa indawo yekhabhoni kunye nokunyusa ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla acocekileyo.²⁸.

Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kulawulo lwenkunkuma kuya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kucwangciso lwedolophu yaseVancouver eco-friendly. Ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo eziphucukileyo zokurisayikilishwa kunye neenkqubo zokwenziwa komgquba, kunye nophuhliso lwezisombululo ezisebenzayo zokulahla inkunkuma ukuya kumandla, kuya kuba negalelo kwiinzame zesixeko zokudala uqoqosho oluzinzileyo nolujikelezayo.²⁸.

Njengoko inani labantu basezidolophini behlabathi liqhubeka nokukhula, iVancouver inokuba namava okukhula okubalulekileyo kwabantu kumashumi eminyaka ezayo²⁸. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ziqikelela ukuba abemi basezidolophini eAfrika, eAsia nakuMbindi Merika baya kuphinda kabini kwiminyaka engama-30 ezayo, ukusuka kwi-1.9 yezigidigidi ngowama-2000 ukuya kutsho kwisi-3.9 sebhiliyoni ngowama-2030.²⁸. Ngo-2030, ngaphezulu kwe-60% yabemi behlabathi baya kuhlala ezidolophini²⁸.

Ukusabela kolu kukhula, iinzame zokucwangcisa idolophu zeVancouver ziya kugxila ekuxininiseni, kuphuhliso oluxubeneyo, kunye nokwandiswa kothungelwano lwezothutho zikawonke-wonke. Ezi zicwangciso-qhinga ziza kujolisa ekudaleni uluntu oluhlala ngakumbi, olunokuhambeka, nolujolise kwindlela yokuhamba, ngeli lixa kulondolozwa iindawo ezixabisekileyo zohlaza kunye nokukhuthaza ukwahluka kwezityalo ezidolophini.²⁸. Ukuzinikela kwesixeko ukukhula okuzinzileyo kunye nokudityaniswa kwe ukwenziwa kwezinto ezidolophini, ubugcisa besixeko esikrelekrele, yaye ukukhula okuzinzileyo imithetho-siseko iya kubaluleka ekubumbeni ubume bedolophu bexesha elizayo²⁸.

Ngokubandakanya itekhnoloji ye-cutting-edge, ukukhuthaza ukukhula okuzinzileyo kwedolophu, kunye nokubeka phambili ukubandakanyeka koluntu, iVancouver ilungele ukukhokela indlela kucwangciso lwedolophu olulungele indalo kwaye isebenze njengomzekelo kwizixeko zehlabathi jikelele.²⁸.

IVancouver ilifa locwangciso lwedolophu luphawulwa yindlela yaso entsha yokudala isixeko esizinzileyo, esinokuphila²⁹. Ukuzinikela kwesiXeko ekudibaniseni iziseko ezingundoqo eziluhlaza, njengamahlathi asezidolophini kunye neepavumente ezingenekayo, kube negalelo ekuphuculeni umgangatho womoya namanzi, ukunciphisa iziqithi ezishushu ezidolophini, kunye nokuxhasa ukwahluka kwezinto eziphilayo.²⁹. Olu gxininiso kwimigaqo yoyilo lwe-eco-friendly lubeke iVancouver njengenkokeli yehlabathi kuphuhliso lwedolophu oluzinzileyo, kunye nesixeko 'Vancouverism' imodeli yezixeko ezikhuthazayo kwihlabathi jikelele.²⁹. Ngaphezu koko, ukuzibandakanya okusebenzayo koluntu lwendawo kuye kwaba ngumba ophambili kwimpumelelo yamalinge ocwangciso lwedolophu yaseVancouver, eqinisekisa ukuba iimfuno kunye nolangazelelo lwabahlali luyabonakala kwinguquko yesixeko.

IVancouver ilifa locwangciso lwedolophu ichazwa yimizamo yayo yobuvulindlela kuyilo oluzinzileyo, ugxininiso lwayo kunxibelelwano noluntu, kunye nempembelelo yalo yehlabathi njengomzekelo wezixeko ezihlalayo, ezinobuhlobo nendalo.²⁹. Ukuzinikela kwesi sixeko ekudibaniseni iziseko ezingundoqo eziluhlaza, ukukhuthaza izithuthi zikawonke-wonke, kunye nokubambelela kwimigangatho ephezulu yokusingqongileyo kubangele iingenelo ezibambekayo kubahlali baso, kubandakanywa nokuphuculwa komgangatho womoya kunye nomgangatho wamanzi, ukunciphisa imiphumo yesiqithi sobushushu bedolophu, kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso epropati.²⁹. Ukongeza, ukugcinwa kweendawo zedolophu ezinembali kunye nokubandakanywa kwexabiso lelifa lemveli elingabonakaliyo kube ngumbindi wendlela yeVancouver kucwangciso lwedolophu, iqinisekisa ukuba ubume besixeko kunye nobuni zigcinwa ecaleni kwenguqu yaso ebonakalayo.

Njengoko iVancouver ijonge kwikamva, ijongene nemiceli mngeni emininzi, kubandakanya uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo lokufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini ngokukhawuleza, ukufikeleleka kwezindlu, kunye nefuthe elikhulayo lokutshintsha kwemozulu.³⁰. Ukujongana nale mingeni, isixeko kufuneka siqhubeke nokwakhela phezu kwelifa laso locwangciso oluzinzileyo lwedolophu, sihlengahlengisa izicwangciso zaso kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno eziguquguqukayo kunye neminqweno yabahlali baso.³⁰. Oku kuya kubandakanya utyalo-mali olungaphezulu kwiziseko ezingundoqo zohlaza, ukuphononongwa kobugcisa obutsha kunye neendlela zoyilo, nokomelezwa kwamanyathelo othethathethwano noluntu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhula nophuhliso lwesixeko luhlala lulungelelaniswa neenqobo zaso ezingundoqo zokuphila, uzinzo kunye nobandakanyo lwentlalo.²⁹. Ngokwenza njalo, iVancouver inokuqinisa isikhundla sayo njengemodeli yehlabathi kucwangciso oluzinzileyo lwedolophu, ikhuthaza kwaye ikhokele ezinye izixeko kuhambo lwazo olusingise kwikamva elizinzileyo nelinobulungisa.

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