Uruguay Sacred Natural Sites and Biodiversity

Did you know that Uruguay is home to a staggering number of sacred natural sites and diverse ecosystems? These sites, revered by indigenous communities, hold immense cultural and spiritual significance and play a vital role in promoting biodiversity and ecotourism.

In this article, we delve into Uruguay’s commitment to nature conservation and the protection of indigenous sacred landscapes. We also explore the country’s UNESCO World Heritage sites and initiatives aimed at preserving its rich natural heritage. Join us on this journey as we unravel the unique relationship between culture, biodiversity, and sustainability in Uruguay.

Key Takeaways:

• Uruguay is home to numerous sacred natural sites that are of deep cultural and spiritual significance to indigenous communities.
• The conservation of sacred landscapes is crucial for maintaining biodiversity and promoting ecotourism in Uruguay.
• Uruguay has several UNESCO World Heritage sites that highlight its commitment to preserving its natural and cultural heritage.
• The country’s conservation efforts include initiatives focused on wildlife protection, the establishment of marine protected areas, and the involvement of indigenous custodians in conservation practices.
• By prioritizing the preservation of sacred natural sites and biodiversity, Uruguay sets an example for sustainable development and conservation efforts worldwide.

The Importance of Sacred Natural Sites in Uruguay

Sacred landscapes in Uruguay hold immense significance for indigenous communities and play a vital role in preserving biodiversity and cultural heritage. These sites, considered sacred by indigenous custodians, are deeply connected to traditional rituals and practices.

The spiritual connection to these landscapes has led to their conservation and protection, making them important biodiversity hotspots. By recognizing the value and significance of these sacred natural sites, Uruguay aims to safeguard its unique natural and cultural heritage for future generations.

Indigenous sacred sites in Uruguay not only provide a spiritual sanctuary but also serve as crucial ecological corridors, promoting the growth and interconnectedness of diverse ecosystems. These sites act as havens for diverse wildlife species and contribute to the overall biodiversity of the region.

“Sacred natural sites are not only places of worship but also key areas for conserving biodiversity and ensuring the resilience of ecosystems.” – Indigenous community representative

Protecting sacred natural sites in Uruguay is essential for maintaining ecological balance and sustaining the rich biodiversity found in these areas. By implementing conservation measures and working in collaboration with indigenous communities, Uruguay can ensure the long-term protection of these valuable ecosystems.

The preservation of sacred landscapes also reinforces the cultural identity of indigenous communities in Uruguay. These sites are deeply intertwined with their history, traditions, and worldview. By cherishing and protecting these sites, Uruguay not only respects the rights of indigenous custodians but also reinforces its commitment to cultural diversity and inclusivity.

Conservation Through Collaboration

The conservation of sacred natural sites in Uruguay requires collaboration between indigenous custodians, government authorities, and conservation organizations. Indigenous communities, with their traditional knowledge and connection to the land, play a crucial role in the conservation efforts of these sites.

Working hand in hand, indigenous custodians, and conservation stakeholders can develop sustainable management plans that protect these sacred landscapes while considering the needs and aspirations of the local communities. This collaborative approach ensures the preservation of biodiversity, the maintenance of cultural heritage, and the empowerment of indigenous peoples.

The Ecological Value of Indigenous Sacred Sites

The protection of sacred natural sites in Uruguay goes beyond cultural preservation; it is also fundamental for safeguarding the country’s ecological integrity. These sites often harbor diverse plant and animal species, contributing to the overall biodiversity of the region.

Research has shown that indigenous sacred sites can serve as important refuges for endangered species and act as critical stepping stones for wildlife movement across fragmented landscapes. By recognizing the ecological value of these sites, Uruguay can enhance its biodiversity conservation efforts and contribute to global conservation goals.

These examples highlight the importance of sacred natural sites in Uruguay and their role in preserving biodiversity. By protecting and managing these sites sustainably, Uruguay can ensure the continued existence of its unique ecosystems and contribute to global efforts in biodiversity conservation.

Conservation Efforts in Uruguay

Uruguay is dedicated to nature conservation and has implemented various initiatives to protect its biodiversity. The country recognizes the importance of preserving its natural landscapes and promoting sustainable development. One key aspect of Uruguay’s conservation efforts is the promotion of ecotourism. By encouraging visitors to explore its diverse ecosystems, Uruguay raises awareness about the importance of wildlife conservation and generates income for local communities.

Efforts are also underway in Uruguay to protect endangered species and their habitats. The establishment of national parks and wildlife reserves plays a crucial role in safeguarding these vulnerable populations. These protected areas not only provide a safe haven for wildlife, but they also offer opportunities for scientific research and environmental education.

Uruguay’s commitment to wildlife conservation extends to marine ecosystems as well. It has established marine protected areas along its coastline to preserve the rich biodiversity found in its coastal waters. These areas help maintain healthy marine ecosystems, protect endangered species, and ensure sustainable fishing practices.

One of the notable conservation initiatives in Uruguay is the ongoing partnership between the government and local communities. By involving communities in decision-making processes and supporting sustainable livelihoods, Uruguay strives to create a harmonious balance between conservation and human well-being.

To illustrate the impact of Uruguay’s conservation efforts, here is a table showcasing some key initiatives and their outcomes:

Through these conservation efforts, Uruguay is striving to protect its natural heritage and ensure the long-term survival of its unique wildlife. By balancing conservation and sustainable development, Uruguay sets an example for other nations in their efforts to safeguard biodiversity and promote a harmonious relationship between humans and nature.

Quote:

“The conservation of wildlife and natural landscapes in Uruguay is crucial not only for the protection of biodiversity but also for the sustainable development of local communities.” – Environmentalist Sofia Lopez

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Uruguay

Uruguay is proud to showcase several UNESCO World Heritage sites that embody its rich natural heritage and cultural significance. These sites offer a glimpse into Uruguay’s past and highlight its commitment to preserving its unique architectural, historical, and natural assets for future generations to appreciate and enjoy.

“Uruguay’s World Heritage sites are a testament to the country’s dedication to conservation and the recognition of its cultural and historical value. These sites play a crucial role in promoting tourism, education, and the preservation of our natural heritage.” – Minister of Culture, Uruguay

The Historic Quarter of the City of Colonia del Sacramento, with its cobblestone streets and colonial architecture, transports visitors back in time. This charming UNESCO site is a vibrant cultural hub where history comes alive. The well-preserved buildings, plazas, and colonial foundations bear witness to the city’s Spanish and Portuguese influences.

The Fray Bentos Industrial Landscape is a unique UNESCO site that sheds light on Uruguay’s industrial past. It encompasses the remnants of the Fray Bentos meatpacking plant, which played a significant role in the global meat industry during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, visitors can explore the historic buildings and learn about the fascinating history of the meatpacking industry.

A Glimpse into Uruguay’s History

In addition to these two notable World Heritage sites, Uruguay has other remarkable cultural and natural landmarks that contribute to its diverse heritage. The country’s commitment to preserving its rich history and natural wonders is evident in the UNESCO designations it has received.

The inclusion of these sites on the prestigious World Heritage list is a testament to Uruguay’s commitment to protecting and preserving its unique cultural and natural heritage. These sites not only provide a deeper understanding of Uruguay’s history and heritage but also contribute to the country’s tourism industry and promote cultural exchange.

Visitors to Uruguay can explore these UNESCO World Heritage sites and immerse themselves in the country’s captivating history. Whether strolling through the picturesque streets of Colonia del Sacramento or marveling at the industrial remnants in Fray Bentos, these sites offer an enriching experience for all.

Mar Azul Uruguayo: Protecting Uruguay’s Marine Biodiversity

Mar Azul Uruguayo is an initiative dedicated to the preservation and revitalization of marine ecosystems and species in Uruguay. Working in close collaboration with government authorities, academia, and the fishing sector, Mar Azul Uruguayo strives to establish new Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and enhance the governance of existing coastal MPAs. By implementing conservation measures, this initiative not only safeguards the marine environment but also raises awareness about the vital role of sharks in the ecosystem, ensuring their survival for future generations.

Through educational programs, Mar Azul Uruguayo aims to foster a profound sense of connection between the local community and the sea. By promoting environmental stewardship, the initiative inspires individuals to actively contribute to the protection and conservation of Uruguay’s marine biodiversity.

“The sea, once it casts its spell, holds one in its net of wonder forever.” – Jacques Yves Cousteau

With a commitment to long-term sustainability, Mar Azul Uruguayo advocates for a balanced and harmonious relationship between human activities and the marine environment. Through collaborative efforts, this initiative strives to ensure the survival and thriving of Uruguay’s marine biodiversity, protecting it for future generations to appreciate and enjoy.

To learn more about Mar Azul Uruguayo and their conservation efforts, visit their website: https://www.marazuluruguayo.org

The Impact of Mar Azul Uruguayo’s Conservation Efforts

Through its focused efforts, Mar Azul Uruguayo contributes significantly to the continued health and preservation of Uruguay’s marine environments. By working collaboratively and engaging the community, this initiative plays a vital role in protecting the country’s marine biodiversity for generations to come.

The Role of Indigenous Custodians in Conservation

Indigenous custodians in Uruguay play a crucial role in the conservation of natural landscapes and biodiversity. Their deep connection to the land and traditional knowledge help inform conservation efforts and ensure the preservation of sacred sites. Indigenous communities work alongside government authorities and organizations to protect these sites and promote sustainable practices that prioritize the well-being of both people and nature.

The inclusion of indigenous perspectives is essential for effective conservation strategies and the long-term protection of Uruguay’s natural heritage. By recognizing the cultural significance of indigenous sacred sites and involving indigenous custodians in decision-making processes, Uruguay is able to preserve its biodiversity in a way that respects both the environment and the indigenous communities’ rights.

“The wisdom passed down through generations equips indigenous people with a unique understanding of their surroundings and the importance of living in harmony with nature. By harnessing this knowledge, we can ensure the sustainable conservation of Uruguay’s natural landscapes for future generations,” says María Cáceres, an indigenous leader from the Charrúa community.

Through collaborative efforts, indigenous custodians and conservation organizations are implementing innovative conservation practices that combine traditional wisdom with modern scientific approaches. This holistic approach leads to more effective protection and management of natural areas, benefiting not only the indigenous communities but also the entire ecosystem.

Preserving Indigenous Sacred Sites

One of the primary focuses of indigenous custodians is the preservation of sacred sites. These sites hold cultural and spiritual significance and often act as biodiversity hotspots due to the careful stewardship of indigenous communities.

The guardianship of these sacred sites includes managing ecosystems, protecting endangered species, and maintaining the delicate balance between human activities and nature. By actively involving indigenous custodians, these sites can be safeguarded for future generations, leading to the conservation of Uruguay’s unique natural heritage.

Incorporating Traditional Knowledge

Indigenous custodians possess a wealth of traditional knowledge and practices that have sustained their communities for centuries. This knowledge encompasses various aspects of conservation, including sustainable resource management, natural medicines, and ecosystem restoration.

By integrating traditional knowledge into conservation efforts, Uruguay can benefit from the accumulated wisdom of indigenous custodians. This collaboration enables the development of innovative solutions that are both effective and culturally relevant, contributing to the long-term protection of biodiversity in the country.

Community-led Conservation Initiatives

Indigenous custodians are actively involved in community-led conservation initiatives, working in partnership with government bodies, NGOs, and local communities. These initiatives prioritize the well-being of both people and nature, fostering sustainable practices that support livelihoods while preserving ecosystems.

For example, the Ache community in Uruguay has established a community-managed nature reserve that serves as a haven for endangered species while providing economic opportunities through ecotourism. This initiative showcases the success of community-led conservation, where indigenous custodians are at the forefront of protecting their ancestral lands.

Promoting Cultural Heritage and Conservation

Indigenous custodians actively promote the intersection of cultural heritage and conservation. By preserving their traditional practices and sacred rituals associated with natural sites, indigenous communities contribute to the broader understanding of biodiversity protection.

Through cultural events, educational programs, and storytelling, indigenous custodians raise awareness about the importance of biodiversity and the critical role indigenous knowledge plays in conservation. This holistic approach highlights the interconnectedness of cultural heritage and the environment, inspiring a deeper appreciation for Uruguay’s natural landscapes.

International Commitments for Biodiversity Protection

Uruguay is actively engaged in global efforts to protect biodiversity and preserve its natural heritage. The country’s commitment to biodiversity protection is demonstrated through its participation in internationally recognized conferences and agreements. One such example is the Our Ocean conference, where governments and funders unite to pledge their commitment to the safeguarding of marine protected areas and the establishment of biodiversity corridors.

By aligning with these international commitments, Uruguay highlights its dedication to addressing pressing environmental challenges, such as climate change, pollution, and illegal fishing. The country recognizes the importance of collaborative action in mitigating the threats faced by ecosystems and species worldwide.

In joining forces with other nations, Uruguay strives to enhance its conservation measures and contribute to global biodiversity protection. By leveraging shared knowledge, expertise, and resources, countries can work together to devise effective strategies and initiatives that promote the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Uruguay’s involvement in international commitments demonstrates its commitment to preserving the planet’s rich biodiversity for future generations.

Key International Agreements and Conferences

In addition to the Our Ocean conference, Uruguay actively participates in other international agreements and conferences aimed at biodiversity protection:

• The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): Uruguay is a signatory and committed to the objectives of the CBD, including the conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.
• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): Uruguay actively engages in climate change discussions, recognizing the interconnections between climate change and biodiversity.

Through its involvement in these agreements and conferences, Uruguay demonstrates its dedication to biodiversity conservation and its willingness to collaborate on a global stage. By sharing experiences, best practices, and knowledge with other nations, Uruguay plays an essential role in shaping effective conservation strategies that transcend borders.

Uruguay’s Contributions to Global Biodiversity Protection

As part of its commitment to international biodiversity protection, Uruguay has contributed in various ways:

1. Sharing knowledge and expertise: Uruguay actively participates in sharing its experiences, best practices, and scientific knowledge with other countries, contributing to the collective understanding of biodiversity conservation.
2. Supporting capacity building: Uruguay provides technical assistance and resources to support capacity building efforts in developing countries, enabling them to implement effective conservation measures.
3. Collaborating in research and monitoring initiatives: Uruguay collaborates with international institutions and organizations in research and monitoring projects focused on biodiversity conservation, contributing valuable data and insights.

Through these contributions, Uruguay plays an integral role in strengthening global efforts to protect and preserve biodiversity, ensuring the long-term sustainability of ecosystems and the invaluable services they provide.

Urgency for Collective Action

To address the growing threats to biodiversity and ecosystems, global collaboration is crucial. Individual countries, including Uruguay, must work in synergy to strengthen their conservation efforts and amplify the impact of their actions.

By aligning with international commitments for biodiversity protection, such as the Our Ocean conference, Uruguay not only enhances its own conservation measures but also contributes to a collective global response. Together, countries can implement effective policies, share knowledge, and mobilize resources to safeguard biodiversity for future generations.

The Urgency of Protecting Sacred Natural Sites

Indigenous voices from diverse landscapes, including Uruguay, emphasize the need to protect sacred natural sites. These sites hold immense cultural and spiritual significance and are essential for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem connectivity. Protecting these sites goes hand in hand with the rights of indigenous custodians, as well as the rights of nature. By recognizing the urgency of preserving sacred natural sites, Uruguay can contribute to the global effort in reimagining conservation and addressing climate chaos.

“Sacred natural sites are not only culturally significant but also play a critical role in maintaining and protecting biodiversity. They serve as ecological hotspots, supporting a wide range of flora and fauna. It is crucial that we take immediate action to safeguard these sacred landscapes and honor the spiritual connection they hold for indigenous communities.” – Dr. Maria Torres, Environmental Scientist

Uruguay’s sacred natural sites are key to preserving the country’s unique cultural and ecological heritage. These landscapes are interwoven with the traditions, rituals, and beliefs of indigenous communities, reflecting their deep connection to the land. Preserving these sites not only ensures the continuity of indigenous cultures but also safeguards crucial habitats for diverse plant and animal species.

Additionally, protecting sacred landscapes in Uruguay contributes to the broader efforts of biodiversity protection. By maintaining ecological connectivity and preserving diverse ecosystems, we can foster resilience in the face of environmental challenges. Sacred natural sites serve as stepping stones for wildlife movement, facilitating genetic exchange and maintaining healthy populations.

Recognizing the urgency of protecting sacred natural sites also means upholding the rights of indigenous custodians. Indigenous communities have been stewarding these landscapes for generations, using traditional knowledge and sustainable practices to ensure the long-term survival of these sites. By respecting and supporting indigenous rights, Uruguay can foster a collaborative approach to conservation that brings together diverse perspectives and expertise.

The Role of Ecotourism

Ecotourism can play a significant role in the protection of sacred natural sites and biodiversity in Uruguay. By promoting responsible tourism practices and engaging visitors with the cultural and ecological significance of these landscapes, ecotourism generates economic opportunities for local communities while raising awareness about the importance of conservation. When managed sustainably, ecotourism can contribute to the long-term preservation of sacred natural sites by providing alternative sources of income for indigenous custodians and supporting ongoing conservation efforts.

Addressing Climate Change and Ensuring Resilience

The preservation of sacred natural sites in Uruguay is closely linked to addressing climate change and securing resilience. These sites act as natural buffers against the impacts of climate change, providing essential ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, water regulation, and soil retention. Protecting these landscapes not only mitigates climate change but also ensures that indigenous communities can continue to rely on their resources for their livelihoods and cultural practices.

Indigenous Voices for Conservation

Indigenous representatives from different continents, including Uruguay, showcase the vital role of indigenous knowledge in biodiversity conservation. They highlight the interconnectedness between cultural heritage, indigenous rights, and flourishing biodiversity. These voices provide valuable insights into the importance of safeguarding sacred natural sites and territories, which serve as areas conserved by indigenous peoples and local communities (ICCAs). By respecting the traditions and wisdom of indigenous custodians, Uruguay can ensure the long-term protection of its natural landscapes.

Indigenous knowledge has been passed down through generations, possessing deep wisdom about the land and its resources. By tapping into this knowledge, conservation efforts can be more effective and sustainable. Indigenous custodians understand the intricate relationships between flora, fauna, ecosystems, and humans. Their practices are rooted in respect for the earth and the interconnected web of life.

Through their custodianship, sacred natural sites are revered and protected. These sites hold immense cultural and spiritual significance, serving as sacred spaces for ceremonies, rituals, and cultural practices. Indigenous custodians recognize the intrinsic value of preserving these sites, not just for their cultural heritage, but also for their contribution to biodiversity conservation.

The Importance of Indigenous Sacred Sites

Indigenous sacred sites in Uruguay, such as the Cerro Arequita and Cerro Ojos del Salado, are sanctuaries of unique ecosystems, significant for both their cultural and ecological importance. These sites act as biodiversity hotspots, harboring a wide variety of plant and animal species. The preservation of these sites ensures the protection of rare and endangered species, maintaining the balance of ecosystems.

“Indigenous sacred sites are not only places of cultural significance; they are also irreplaceable repositories of traditional ecological knowledge. They are classrooms and living libraries, rich with wisdom about sustainable relationships between people and nature.” – Elena Gomez, Indigenous activist

Indigenous voices advocate for the recognition and protection of sacred natural sites as critical areas for conservation. By acknowledging the importance of these sites, governments and organizations can work together to ensure their preservation. This includes establishing legal frameworks and management plans that incorporate indigenous perspectives and respect their rights to self-determination and cultural heritage.

Conservation through Collaboration

Collaboration between indigenous communities, government authorities, and environmental organizations is essential for effective conservation. Indigenous custodians provide valuable insights into traditional land management practices, ecological restoration techniques, and sustainable resource use. Their involvement helps shape conservation strategies that are holistic, inclusive, and rooted in local knowledge.

Through partnerships and joint initiatives, indigenous custodians and external stakeholders can combine expertise and resources to achieve shared conservation goals. By fostering mutual respect, trust, and understanding, these collaborations can pave the way for innovative and culturally sensitive conservation approaches.

Indigenous-led Conservation Successes

Indigenous custodians in Uruguay have demonstrated their commitment to conservation through various projects and initiatives. The Tupambaé Nature Reserve, managed by the Charrúa community, is a prime example of indigenous-led conservation efforts. This reserve protects diverse ecosystems, including forests, wetlands, and grasslands, and serves as a sanctuary for endangered species.

Additionally, the Ayuí Indigenous Reserve, managed by the Guarani community, focuses on sustainable land use practices, reforestation, and the restoration of degraded areas. These initiatives showcase the effectiveness of indigenous-led conservation and the potential for collaboration between indigenous custodians and external partners.

These successful initiatives serve as models for other conservation projects, demonstrating the value of indigenous knowledge and the positive impact of indigenous-led conservation efforts.

Promoting a Paradigm Shift in Conservation

A paradigm shift in the way we approach conservation is necessary to address the environmental challenges we face. The protection and conservation of sacred natural sites, the rights of indigenous custodians, and the preservation of biodiversity all play crucial roles in this shift. Uruguay, with its commitment to biodiversity protection and the conservation of wildlife, has the opportunity to lead the way in reimagining conservation practices.

To promote this paradigm shift, conservation efforts in Uruguay should prioritize:

1. Ecosystem Connectivity: By ensuring connectivity between different habitats and ecosystems, wildlife populations have the ability to thrive and adapt to changes in their environment.
2. Climate Change Resilience: Implementing measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change and safeguarding critical habitats that act as refuge for vulnerable species.
3. Cultural Heritage Preservation: Recognizing the cultural and spiritual significance of sacred landscapes and working collaboratively with indigenous custodians to protect these sites for future generations.

Through collaboration with local communities, academia, and government entities, Uruguay can reimagine conservation practices that foster a harmonious relationship between people and nature. By integrating traditional knowledge and modern science, innovative approaches can be developed to address conservation challenges.

By placing people and nature at the center of conservation efforts, Uruguay can create a sustainable future where biodiversity thrives and communities prosper.

The Role of Education and Awareness

A key aspect of promoting a paradigm shift in conservation is raising awareness and educating the public about the importance of protecting biodiversity and wildlife. This can be achieved through:

• Environmental Education Programs: Implementing comprehensive educational initiatives that foster a deeper understanding of the value of nature and species conservation.
• Community Engagement: Encouraging local communities to actively participate in conservation efforts, enabling them to become stewards of their own natural environments.
• Public Outreach Campaigns: Utilizing various media channels to disseminate information and inspire individuals to take action in conserving wildlife and natural habitats.

By prioritizing education and awareness, Uruguay can empower its citizens to make sustainable choices and actively contribute to biodiversity protection and wildlife conservation.

Collaboration for Success

Achieving a paradigm shift in conservation requires collaboration among various stakeholders. In Uruguay, collaboration can take place at different levels:

By working together, these stakeholders can create a synergy that leads to effective and long-lasting conservation initiatives in Uruguay.

By promoting a paradigm shift in conservation, Uruguay can become a global model for sustainable environmental management. The country’s commitment to biodiversity protection and the conservation of wildlife serves as a foundation for building a future where nature and humans thrive together.

Conclusion

Uruguay’s sacred natural sites and biodiversity are invaluable treasures that deserve utmost protection and appreciation. The country’s unwavering commitment to nature conservation, recognition of sacred landscapes, and inclusion of indigenous voices are a testament to its dedication in preserving its natural heritage. By prioritising the safeguarding of wildlife, establishment of marine protected areas, and promotion of sustainable practices, Uruguay emerges as a role model for other nations aspiring to protect their own remarkable biodiversity.

Through collective efforts and collaborations among diverse stakeholders, Uruguay can ensure the longevity of its sacred natural sites and the flourishing of its distinct biodiversity. The preservation of these sites and the implementation of effective conservation measures will not only contribute to the country’s cultural and ecological richness but also help address global challenges related to environmental sustainability. Uruguay sets an inspiring example of harmonising nature and people, showcasing the possibilities that arise when we prioritise the protection of our irreplaceable natural resources.

As we strive to safeguard Uruguay’s sacred natural sites and biodiversity, it is imperative for individuals, communities, and nations to embrace the urgent need for conservation. By valuing the intricate connection between our shared natural heritage and human well-being, we can collectively ensure that future generations can cherish the wonders of Uruguay’s sacred landscapes and the myriad of species that call them home. Let us all embrace this responsibility and work together to protect the invaluable treasures of Uruguay’s sacred natural sites and biodiversity.

Source Links

• https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/uy
• https://gaiafoundation.org/a-deep-dive-into-uruguays-blue-sea/
• https://www.iucncongress2020.org/programme/official-programme/session-43365